{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:49:39Z","timestamp":1792799379342,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and abdominal obesity. Impaired insulin action or insulin resistance initiates metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of insulin resistance is increasing all over the world. Insulin resistance results in the defective metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, in addition to low-grade chronic inflammation. Insulin resistance is associated with metabolic syndrome, which is a risk factor for a number of pathological conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Genome-wide association studies have increased our understanding of many loci linked to these diseases and others. In this review, we discuss insulin resistance and its contribution to metabolic syndrome and these diseases. We also discuss the genetic loci associated with them. Genetic testing is invaluable in the identification and stratification of susceptible populations and\/or individuals. After susceptible individuals and\/or populations have been identified via genetic testing or screening, lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, weight loss, a healthy diet, and smoking cessation can reduce or prevent metabolic syndrome and its associated pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:06:34Z","timestamp":1736226394000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identification of Interactive Genetic Loci Linked to Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Syndrome\u2014An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Imadeldin","family":"Elfaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashid","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair for Biomedical Research, Department of MLT, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7191-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Elnageeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1095-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Hamadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair for Biomedical Research, Department of MLT, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyad M.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair for Biomedical Research, Department of MLT, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8621-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruqaiah I.","family":"Bedaiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair for Biomedical Research, Department of MLT, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamsheed","family":"Javid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair for Biomedical Research, Department of MLT, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8239-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Alrasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalal","family":"Alatawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Laboratory, King Fahd Special Hospital, Ministry of Health, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basmah M.","family":"Alrohaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Tabuk Region, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed K.","family":"Abunab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saudi Ministry of Health, Umluj Region, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki Ahmed","family":"Muqri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asir Health Cluster, Tarj General Hospital, Bisha 67721, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109924","article-title":"Geographic distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components in the general adult population: A meta-analysis of global data from 28 million individuals","volume":"188","author":"Noubiap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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