{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:28:01Z","timestamp":1784042881353,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Infertility is a global problem. The interaction between depression and infertility seems bidirectional, and depression may negatively influence IVF outcomes. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is one of the most extensively used instruments for diagnosing depression. The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of depression in patients undergoing IVF utilizing the BDI. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics of the University Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade, Serbia during the year 2019. Both partners in the IVF program were required to complete the paper-based BDI 5 to 10 days before starting ovarian stimulation, within the 48 h preceding oocyte aspiration and four weeks after embryo transfer. We sought to identify potential predictors of a favorable IVF outcome by using logistic regression modeling. Results: Our study enrolled 86 couples. The overall IVF efficacy in our cohort was 18.6%. A statistically significant logistic regression model (p = 0.001) managed to explain 47.6% of the variability. Increasing patient age, the presence of depression (BDI &gt; 16) and the number of failed IVF cycles were found to be significant negative predictors of ongoing IVF success. Conclusions: Depression is more common in patients undergoing IVF than in the general population. Depression might increase the odds of IVF failure, lending credence to the idea that depression screening using BDI should be a routine part of the IVF process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T08:03:05Z","timestamp":1736496185000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) a Useful Tool for Predicting IVF Success?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Dragi\u0161a","family":"\u0160ljivancanin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4789-0464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sne\u017eana","family":"Vidakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darija","family":"Kisi\u0107 Tepav\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2403-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojana","family":"Petrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Una","family":"\u0160ljivan\u010danin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Doki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). Infertility Prevalence Estimates, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourrion, B., Panjo, H., Bithorel, P.-L., de La Rochebrochard, E., Fran\u00e7ois, M., and Pelletier-Fleury, N. (2022). The economic burden of infertility treatment and distribution of expenditures overtime in France: A self-controlled pre-post study. BMC Health Serv. Res., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07725-9"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (2023). Statistical Yearbook 2023, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Eurostat (2023). Eurostat Regional Yearbook\u2014Edition 2023, Eurostat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2003.01007.x","article-title":"Frustrated Fertility: Infertility and Psychological Distress Among Women","volume":"65","author":"McQuillan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des422","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in women with fertility problems: Results from a large Danish register-based cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Kjaer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del355","article-title":"Long-term psychological adjustment to IVF\/ICSI treatment in women","volume":"22","author":"Verhaak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.03.006","article-title":"Addressing the needs of fertility treatment patients and their partners: Are they informed of and do they receive mental health services?","volume":"106","author":"Pasch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00386-4","article-title":"Psychological aspects of in vitro fertilization: A review","volume":"48","author":"Eugster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/00016341003623746","article-title":"Infertility, mental disorders and well-being\u2014A nationwide survey","volume":"89","author":"Klemetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00040.x","article-title":"Personality factors and emotional responses to pregnancy among IVF couples in early pregnancy: A comparative study","volume":"82","author":"Hjelmstedt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.7.1420","article-title":"The effect of anxiety and depression on the outcome of in-vitro fertilization","volume":"16","author":"Smeenk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d223","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d223","article-title":"Emotional distress in infertile women and failure of assisted reproductive technologies: Meta-analysis of prospective psychosocial studies","volume":"342","author":"Boivin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(91)90002-B","article-title":"Relationship between the beck anxiety inventory and the Hamilton anxiety rating scale with anxious outpatients","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabm7047","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm7047","article-title":"Human generation times across the past 250,000 years","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu151","article-title":"Live birth rates after IVF are reduced by both low and high progesterone levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration","volume":"29","author":"Polyzos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02345-4","article-title":"Impact of maternal education level on live birth rate after in vitro fertilization in China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Education (2023, August 17). The Life of Women and Men in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/cache\/infographs\/womenmen\/bloc-2a.html?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2023, August 17). Registrovana Zaposlenost | Republi\u010dki Zavod za Statistiku Srbije, Available online: https:\/\/www.stat.gov.rs\/sr-latn\/oblasti\/trziste-rada\/registrovana-zaposlenost\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Cai, H., Li, W., Tian, L., and Shi, J. (2022). Duration of infertility and assisted reproductive outcomes in non-male factor infertility: Can use of ICSI turn the tide?. BMC Womens Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-02062-9"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25034","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025034","article-title":"The number of previous failed embryo transfer cycles is an independent factor affecting implantation rate in women undergoing IVF\/ICSI treatment","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Infertility","volume":"326","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2103613","article-title":"Live Birth with or without Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy","volume":"385","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"European IVF Monitoring Consortium (EIM), for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), Wyns, C., De Geyter, C., Calhaz-Jorge, C., Kupka, M.S., Motrenko, T., Smeenk, J., Bergh, C., and Tandler-Schneider, A. (2022). ART in Europe, 2018: Results generated from European registries by ESHRE. Hum. Reprod. Open, 2022, hoac022."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.071191","article-title":"From depressive symptoms to depressive disorders: The relevance of thresholds","volume":"196","author":"Nuevo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg501","article-title":"Results from a prospective, randomized, controlled study evaluating the acceptability and effects of routine pre-IVF counselling","volume":"18","author":"Emery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmq015","article-title":"Predictive factors in in vitro fertilization (IVF): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Limpens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den491","article-title":"Anxiety and depression have no influence on the cancellation and pregnancy rates of a first IVF or ICSI treatment","volume":"24","author":"Lintsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/1\/99\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:26:27Z","timestamp":1759919187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/1\/99"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61010099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61010099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]}}}