{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:44:16Z","timestamp":1793245456763,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy, but their use is associated with a spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including endocrine disorders. This study aims to investigate the incidence, timing, treatment modalities, and impact of ICI-related endocrine side effects in cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 139 cancer patients treated with ICIs between 2016 and 2022. Data regarding endocrine irAEs, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypophysitis, and diabetes mellitus, were collected. The study examined the timing of irAE onset, management approaches, and the association between irAEs and treatment outcomes. Results: The most common endocrine irAE was hypothyroidism (65.5%), followed by hyperthyroidism (2.3%), hypophysitis (8.6%), and diabetes mellitus (0.7%). These disorders typically emerged within the first six months of ICI therapy. Most cases were managed conservatively or with hormone replacement therapy. Patients who developed endocrine irAEs exhibited a higher objective response rate (ORR) and clinical benefit rate (CBR) compared to those without irAEs. Conclusions: Endocrine dysfunction is a significant toxicity of ICI therapy. Early recognition, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate management are crucial to minimize their impact on patient health and quality of life. This study highlights the potential association between irAEs and improved clinical outcomes. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and identify predictive biomarkers for irAE development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T07:35:47Z","timestamp":1736840147000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Endocrine Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Meri\u00e7","family":"D\u00f6kmeta\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harun","family":"Mu\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erkan","family":"\u00d6zcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne 22030, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0248-9191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buket","family":"Bayram Kuvvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8394-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Helvac\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Hospital, Ankara 06520, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ender","family":"Kalac\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seda","family":"Kahraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"Aykan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, G\u00fclhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06010, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130rfan","family":"\u00c7i\u00e7in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Sel\u00e7ukbiricik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6mer Fatih","family":"\u00d6lmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Bilici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:36:1:73","article-title":"Human tumor antigens, immunosurveillance, and cancer vaccines","volume":"36","author":"Finn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. 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