{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:56:58Z","timestamp":1780487818896,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The International Society for Modulation defines persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 (PSPS-type 2), formerly known as failed back surgery syndrome, as a condition where patients continue to experience pain or develop new pain following spinal surgery intended to alleviate back or lower-limb discomfort. PSPS-type 2 is characterized by pain and significant disability, affecting quality of life. Spinal cord stimulation has proven effective in treating this syndrome, although the role of psychological factors, such as pain catastrophizing and central sensitization, remain unclear. This study seeks to examine the potential connection between psychosocial responses and both functionality and pain perception in patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 who have undergone spinal cord stimulation treatment. Materials and Methods: A single-site, cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals diagnosed with persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 who were receiving spinal cord stimulation. Study participants were required to meet specific eligibility criteria and were assessed for disability, pain perception, fear of movement, pain catastrophizing, and central sensitization. The spinal cord stimulation procedure involved the placement of electrodes at vertebral levels T8\u2013T11 for precise pain control, with a particular focus on targeting the dorsal root ganglion to alleviate chronic pain. Results: Thirty-seven patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 have undergone spinal cord stimulation treatment for 4.68 \u00b1 5.25 years. Clinical assessments indicated a pain perception score of 5.6 \u00b1 1.96, Central Sensitization Inventory score of 42.08 \u00b1 18.39, disability score of 37.62 \u00b1 16.13, fear of movement score of 33.11 \u00b1 8.76, and pain catastrophizing score of 28.43 \u00b1 13.14. Finally, pain catastrophizing was significantly associated with pain perception (\u03b2 = 0.075 and p = 0.008) and disability (\u03b2 = 0.90 and p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Catastrophizing plays a crucial role in pain perception and disability among patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 receiving spinal cord stimulation. Integrating psychological interventions may improve clinical outcomes for these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T06:46:10Z","timestamp":1737009970000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Catastrophizing as a Predictor for Pain Perception and Disability Among Patients Undergoing Spinal Cord Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2710-2931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Vicente-Mampel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Health Science School, Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Torrent, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4394-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Zaballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology Service, Pain Unit, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7175-4393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Falaguera-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Health Science School, Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Torrent, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1725-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology Service, Pain Unit, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1605-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloy","family":"Jaenada-Carrilero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Health Science School, Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Torrent, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borja","family":"Huertas-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Health Science School, Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Torrent, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Jose","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology Service, Pain Unit, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001012","article-title":"Can quantitative sensory tests predict failed back surgery? 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