{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T13:13:05Z","timestamp":1778073185017,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hibah Internal Unpad","award":["1595\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1595\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/202"]}]},{"name":"Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia","award":["1595\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1595\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is a leading cause of morbidity in children, characterized by fever, otalgia, and hearing loss. If untreated, AOM may progress to chronic complications requiring surgical management. Globally, factors such as allergies, environmental tobacco smoke, and nutritional deficiencies are well-established risk factors, but in Indonesia, particularly rural areas like Bandung Regency, limited awareness and data exacerbate the burden of disease. Smoking prevalence and low immunization rates further increase risks for AOM. Materials and Methods: This case-control study, conducted between September 2019 and February 2020 in Bandung Regency, evaluated risk factors for AOM in children aged 24\u201359 months. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, anthropometric assessments, and ENT examinations. A total of 168 AOM-positive and 367 AOM-negative children were recruited from primary healthcare facilities. Results: Multivariable analysis identified significant associations with AOM: allergic rhinitis (AOR 1.92), cigarette smoke exposure (AOR 1.79), stunted growth (AOR 1.48), and incomplete basic immunizations (AOR 1.77). These findings highlight the importance of addressing modifiable factors such as nutrition and immunization to reduce AOM incidence. Conclusions: The rhinitis allergy and exposure to cigarette smoke are among the well-established risk factors that our results validate. Additional research is necessary to validate if our findings involving two modifiable risk factors, stunted children and insufficient basic vaccination, may increase the risk of AOM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T04:54:31Z","timestamp":1737608071000},"page":"197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Determinants of Acute Otitis Media in Children: A Case-Control Study in West Java, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Dermawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kota Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7985-900X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bejo","family":"Ropii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preanger Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9335-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Lasminingrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kota Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3196-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wijana","family":"Hasansulama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kota Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4842-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Budi","family":"Setiabudiawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Kota Bandung 40161, Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, President University, Cikarang, Bekasi 17550, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2021.1909","article-title":"Risk factors for acute otitis media in primary school children: A case-control study in Central Java, Indonesia","volume":"10","author":"Wijayanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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