{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:12:51Z","timestamp":1793812371982,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor involved in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Besides its role in the pathogenesis of T2D, insulin resistance is associated with impairment of glycemic control, reduced achievement of glycemic targets, and increases in cardiovascular risk and diabetes complications, being thus a negative prognosis factor. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are therapies for T2D which demonstrated, besides glycemic control, improvements of biomarkers traditionally associated with IR and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of SGLT2i treatment on IR and inflammation biomarkers in patients with T2D. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study, 246 patients with T2D treated with SGLT2i for a median of 5 years were evaluated regarding IR (estimated glucose disposal rate\u2014eGDR, triglyceride\/glucose index, triglyceride\/HDLc index) and inflammation biomarkers (neutrophils to lymphocyte ratio, platelets to lymphocytes ratio and C-reactive protein) before and after intervention with SGLT2i. Results: After a median 5 years of SGLT2i treatment, patients with T2D had a higher eGDR (6.07 vs. 5.24 mg\/kg\/min; p &lt; 0.001), lower triglyceride\/HDLc ratio (3.34 vs. 3.52, p &lt; 0.001) and lower triglyceride\/glucose index (9.23 vs. 9.58; p &lt; 0.001). The inflammation biomarkers decreased after SGLT2i therapy: C-reactive protein (3.07 mg\/L vs. 4.37 mg\/L), NLR (0.68 vs. 0.72; p &lt; 0.001), and PLR (115 vs. 122; p &lt; 0.001). Intervention with SGLT2i also improved the biomarkers associated with diabetes complications and cardiovascular risk: HbA1c (7.1% vs. 8.4%; p &lt; 0.001), body mass index (30.0 vs. 31.5 kg\/m2; p &lt; 0.001) and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (4.75 vs. 11.00 mg\/g; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Treatment with SGLT2i in patients with T2D leads to decreases in IR and inflammation. These mechanisms may partially explain the additional cardiovascular and renal risk reductions associated with SGLT2i therapy, alongside the improvements in glycemic control, in patients with T2D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T05:24:31Z","timestamp":1737696271000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Impact of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibition on Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Liana","family":"Iordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Emergency Municipal Hospital, 300254 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0792-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romulus","family":"Timar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4086-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Sorescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2387-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Albai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-6073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina","family":"Braha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0993-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Timar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5204-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gaita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piovani, D., Nikolopoulos, G.K., and Bonovas, S. 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