{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T21:17:25Z","timestamp":1793740645482,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of acute and chronic heart failure. Patients with heart failure and ischemic heart disease need a tailored assessment to define the appropriate treatment, while a specific multidisciplinary management plan should be followed. Indeed, several factors should be assessed before starting treatment, such as heart failure symptoms and\/or signs, angina, electrocardiographic features, right and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, serological abnormalities, cardiac structural and functional integrity, and pulmonary function. New scenarios and developments have emerged recently in this field, increasing our knowledge regarding pathophysiology, exercise, and pharmacology. Effective and appropriate management and treatment reduce the risk of death and hospitalization for heart failure. Herein, we provide an updated, state-of-the-art overview of pharmacological treatment and cardiac rehabilitation in patients with chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease. Furthermore, tailored and contemporary management in clinical practice will be proposed for this specific and fragile patient population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T08:48:23Z","timestamp":1737708503000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Chronic Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease: Pharmacological Treatment and Cardiac Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Alexandra","family":"Ciuca-Pan\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bagdasar-Arseni Emergency Clinical Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5008-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristi","family":"Boulmpou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokratio General Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cigdem","family":"Ileri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, LIV Hospital Vadi Istanbul, Istanbul 34396, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0676-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Manzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Golino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"},{"name":"Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Ostojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1605-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhmetzhan","family":"Galimzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Abai Region, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4678-9655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Busnatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bagdasar-Arseni Emergency Clinical Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0544-5651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Science, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Perone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Clinic \u201cVilla delle Magnolie\u201d, Castel Morrone, 81020 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.84","article-title":"Heart rate reduction in coronary artery disease and heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Ferrari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(74)90092-7","article-title":"Effects of coronary stenoses on coronary flow reserve and resistance","volume":"34","author":"Gould","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severino, P., D\u2019Amato, A., Pucci, M., Infusino, F., Birtolo, L.I., Mariani, M.V., Lavalle, C., Maestrini, V., Mancone, M., and Fedele, F. (2020). Ischemic Heart Disease and Heart Failure: Role of Coronary Ion Channels. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093167"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes: Developed by the task force for the management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"45","author":"Vrints","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perone, F., Bernardi, M., Redheuil, A., Mafrica, D., Conte, E., Spadafora, L., Ecarnot, F., Tokgozoglu, L., Santos-Gallego, C.G., and Kaiser, S.E. (2023). Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in Risk Assessment: Recent Advances, Gaps in Evidence, and Future Directions. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175563"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.765","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of transitional care services in patients discharged from the hospital with heart failure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2016.06.422","article-title":"What are effective program characteristics of self-management interventions in patients with heart failure? An individual patient. data meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Jonkman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"CD002752","article-title":"Disease management interventions for heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Takeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq219","article-title":"Self-care manage- ment of heart failure: Practical recommendations from the Patient Care Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"13","author":"Lainscak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2020.04.019","article-title":"Supportive care. interventions to promote health-related quality of life in patients living with. heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Kyriakou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies with the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC), Eur","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perone, F., Ancona, R., di Stasio, F., La Gambina, V., and Comenale Pinto, S. (2023). Myocardial Work Assessment in Patients after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting during Cardiac Rehabilitation. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247540"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.072","article-title":"Impact of exercise rehabilitation on exercise capacity and quality-of-life in heart failure: Individual participant meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206286","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction","volume":"387","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.1342","article-title":"Association of dapagliflozin vs placebo with individual Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire components in patients with heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: A secondary analysis of the DELIVER trial","volume":"8","author":"Peikert","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e202117","article-title":"EMPEROR-Preserved: SGLT2 inhibitors breakthrough in the management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"2021","author":"Wagdy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Cardiol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad195","article-title":"2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"44","author":"McDonagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.03.034","article-title":"Implications of coronary artery disease in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"63","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.1825","article-title":"Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"6","author":"Rush","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr161","article-title":"Effects of the long-term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: Results of the ELANDD study","volume":"14","author":"Conraads","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102376","article-title":"Beta-blocker therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (B-HFpEF): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Kaddoura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"CD012721","article-title":"Beta-blockers and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.09.007","article-title":"Contemporary Use and Implications of Beta-Blockers in Patients with HFmrEF or HFpEF: The DELIVER Trial","volume":"12","author":"Peikert","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.067","article-title":"The Evolution of \u03b2-Blockers in Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure (Part 1\/5)","volume":"74","author":"Joseph","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"101515","article-title":"Effects of calcium channel blockers in patients with heart failure with preserved and mildly reduced ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Fukuta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)90937-V","article-title":"Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance","volume":"66","author":"Setaro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2002.tb11193.x","article-title":"Effect of verapamil in elderly patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a cause of congestive heart failure","volume":"56","author":"Hung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1510774","article-title":"Isosorbide mononitrate in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"373","author":"Redfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.14740\/cr958","article-title":"Effect of Ivabradine on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function, Exercise Tolerance and Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"11","author":"Koroma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-10002-8","article-title":"Effect of ivabradine on exercise capacity in individuals with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"26","author":"Gois","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2012.12.002","article-title":"RAnoLazIne for the treatment of diastolic heart failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction: The RALI-DHF proof-of-concept study","volume":"1","author":"Maier","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14418","article-title":"Trimetazidine in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A randomized controlled cross-over trial","volume":"10","author":"Geurkink","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065061","article-title":"Effect of Dapagliflozin Versus Placebo on Symptoms and 6-Minute Walk Distance in Patients With Heart Failure: The DETERMINE Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"149","author":"McMurray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa943","article-title":"Effect of empagliflozin on exercise ability and symptoms in heart failure patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1149","article-title":"Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction in CHARM: Characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire ejection fraction spectrum","volume":"20","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805450","article-title":"Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"358","author":"Massie","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/1753944718809266","article-title":"The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and midrange ejection fraction: A post hoc subgroup analysis from the PEACE trial","volume":"12","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl250","article-title":"The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study","volume":"27","author":"Cleland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv464","article-title":"Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"37","author":"Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3453","article-title":"The Spironolactone Initiation Registry Randomized Interventional Trial in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (SPIRRIT-HFpEF): Rationale and design","volume":"26","author":"Lund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.905","article-title":"Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: The Aldo-DHF randomized controlled trial","volume":"309","author":"Edelmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044586","article-title":"Sacubitril\/valsartan across the spectrum of ejection fraction in heart failure","volume":"141","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.02.001","article-title":"Rationale, Design and Baseline Characteristics of the PARAGLIDE-HF Trial: Sacubitril\/Valsartan vs Valsartan in HFmrEF and HFpEF With a Worsening Heart Failure Event","volume":"29","author":"Mentz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi115","article-title":"Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS)","volume":"26","author":"Flather","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs141","article-title":"Effects of carvedilol on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: The Japanese Diastolic Heart Failure Study (J-DHF)","volume":"15","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14199","article-title":"Efficacy of guideline-directed medical treatment in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030183","article-title":"Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart Failure","volume":"384","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"101492","article-title":"Left ventricular reverse remodeling after combined ARNI and SGLT2 therapy in heart failure patients with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction","volume":"54","author":"Correale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00652-9","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad344","article-title":"Sacubitril\/valsartan in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: A pre-specified participant-level pooled analysis of PARAGLIDE-HF and PARAGON-HF","volume":"44","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx564","article-title":"Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: An individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials","volume":"39","author":"Cleland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.03.017","article-title":"Beta-Blocker Use and Heart Failure Outcomes in Mildly Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"11","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.945","article-title":"A comprehensive population-based characterization of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction","volume":"19","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464160-00003","article-title":"Heart rate lowering by specific and selective\/f current inhibition with ivabradine: A new therapeutic perspective in cardiovascular disease","volume":"64","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.876","article-title":"Effect of ivabradine in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: The EDIFY randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Komajda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.201217.001","article-title":"Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Ralapanawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandaswamy, E., and Zuo, L. (2018). Recent Advances in Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease: Role of Science and Technology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020424"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2013.10.002","article-title":"The role of coronary artery disease in heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Lala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2174\/011573403X270178231228061314","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment of Heart Failure: Recent Advances","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7226.39","article-title":"ABC of heart failure. History and epidemiology","volume":"320","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01429-5","article-title":"SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure: A comprehensive meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials","volume":"400","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313568","article-title":"Medical Therapy for Heart Failure Caused by Ischemic Heart Disease","volume":"124","author":"Elgendy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000174558","article-title":"ACE inhibitors in congestive heart failure","volume":"76","author":"Riegger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007795915009","article-title":"ACE inhibitors in heart failure: Prospects and limitations","volume":"11","author":"Pitt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706043162301","article-title":"Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)","volume":"316","author":"Swedberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108013250501","article-title":"Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure","volume":"325","author":"Yusuf","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"43","article-title":"ACE-inhibitors in coronary artery disease?","volume":"88","author":"Vogt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01775-2","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Jong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"22","article-title":"Use of Angiotensin receptor blockers in cardiovascular protection: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"36","author":"Munger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.2.173.32095","article-title":"Angiotensin II receptor blockers in heart failure","volume":"23","author":"Patterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure","volume":"371","author":"Mcmurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-021-00706-1","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors: Comprehensive review and implications in hypertension treatment","volume":"44","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15209","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15209","article-title":"Impact of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition on vascular function in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Nathaniel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masarone, D., Martucci, M.L., Errigo, V., and Pacileo, G. (2021). The Use of \u03b2-Blockers in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd8090101"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2019.02.023","article-title":"Beta-blockers: Historical Perspective and Mechanisms of Action","volume":"72","author":"Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"S78","article-title":"The influence of vasodilating beta-blockers on cardiac function and vascular resistance in essential hypertension","volume":"38","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f55","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f55","article-title":"Benefits of \u03b2 blockers in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: Network meta-analysis","volume":"346","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.10.1295","article-title":"Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: The Metoprolol CR\/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group","volume":"283","author":"Hjalmarson","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees (1999). The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomised trial. Lancet, 353, 9\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11181-9"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2401479","article-title":"Beta-Blockers after Myocardial Infarction and Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"390","author":"Yndigegn","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.05.032","article-title":"Clinical outcomes with \u03b2-blockers for myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"127","author":"Bangalore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"6","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in heart failure: Past, present and future perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Vizzardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr176","article-title":"Aldosterone, mortality, and acute ischaemic events in coronary artery disease patients outside the setting of acute myocardial infarction or heart failure","volume":"33","author":"Ivanes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009492","article-title":"Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms","volume":"364","author":"Zannad","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpae092","article-title":"State-of-the-Art-Review: Mechanisms of Action of SGLT2 Inhibitors and Clinical Implications","volume":"37","author":"Vallon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2023.2204188","article-title":"Emerging sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor therapies for managing heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-023-01454-w","article-title":"Treatment with SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Extensive Coronary Artery Disease: Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Shabbir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1835","article-title":"Management of low blood pressure in ambulatory heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients","volume":"22","author":"Cautela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CMT-S7824","DOI":"10.4137\/CMT.S7824","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Ranolazine for the Treatment of Chronic Angina Pectoris","volume":"5","author":"Aldakkak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1984.11716314","article-title":"Calcium blockers in angina. How they work, when to prescribe","volume":"75","author":"Heupler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2024.2317443","article-title":"The clinical value of \u03b2-blockers in patients with stable angina","volume":"40","author":"Palatini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-022-00577-8","article-title":"Heart Failure After Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction","volume":"19","author":"Flammer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-446FR","article-title":"Management of acute right ventricular failure in the intensive care unit","volume":"11","author":"Ventetuolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998382","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.998382","article-title":"Right ventricular failure: Current strategies and future development","volume":"10","author":"Tindale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90398-0","article-title":"Hemodynamics of volume loading compared with dobutamine in severe right ventricular infarction","volume":"74","author":"Ferrario","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14813","article-title":"Impact of \u03b2-blocker therapy on right ventricular function in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. A prospective evaluation","volume":"37","author":"Galves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masarone, D., Errigo, V., Melillo, E., Valente, F., Gravino, R., Verrengia, M., Ammendola, E., Vastarella, R., and Pacileo, G. (2020). Effects of Sacubitril\/Valsartan on the Right Ventricular Arterial Coupling in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103159"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001162","article-title":"Sacubitril\/Valsartan in the Treatment of Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Real-world Study","volume":"79","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.33963\/v.phj.100199","article-title":"Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on right ventricular function in heart failure patients: Updated meta-analysis of the current literature","volume":"82","author":"Cinar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacciatore, S., Spadafora, L., Bernardi, M., Galli, M., Betti, M., Perone, F., Nicolaio, G., Marzetti, E., Martone, A.M., and Landi, F. (2023). Management of Coronary Artery Disease in Older Adults: Recent Advances and Gaps in Evidence. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165233"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.10.154","article-title":"40 years of cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in post-cardiac ischaemic patients. Are we still in the wilderness?","volume":"179","author":"Jelinek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009401","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.009401","article-title":"Race, Social Determinants of Health, and Length of Stay Among Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure: An Analysis From the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry","volume":"15","author":"Segar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakoor, A., van Maarschalkerwaart, W.A., Schaap, J., de Boer, R.A., van Mieghem, N.M., Boersma, E.H., van Heerebeek, L., Brugts, J.J., and van der Boon, R.M.A. (ESC Heart Fail., 2024). Socio-economic inequalities and heart failure morbidity and mortality: A systematic review and data synthesis, ESC Heart Fail., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14986"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317216","article-title":"Lower socioeconomic status predicts higher mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure","volume":"107","author":"Schrage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03563-2","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of people with heart failure in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Mulugeta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.3338","article-title":"Improving Cardiac Rehabilitation Adherence in Patients With Lower Socioeconomic Status: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"184","author":"Gaalema","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.12.008","article-title":"Financial Incentives to Increase Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation Among Low-Socioeconomic Status Patients","volume":"7","author":"Gaalema","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10116-7","article-title":"Social and environmental risks as contributors to the clinical course of heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Narita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948765","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.948765","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and heart failure: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of more than 7 million participants","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07743-7","article-title":"Influence of Meteorological Temperature and Pressure on the Severity of Heart Failure Decompensations","volume":"38","author":"Llorens","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0003-2","article-title":"Influence of urban and transport planning and the city environment on cardiovascular disease","volume":"15","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2019.14","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence, Data Sensors and Interconnectivity: Future Opportunities for Heart Failure","volume":"6","author":"Bachtiger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000491","article-title":"Machine learning in heart failure: Ready for prime time","volume":"33","author":"Ejaza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26841","article-title":"A wearable telehealth system for the monitoring of parameters related to heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Amato, A., Severino, P., Mancone, M., Mariani, M.V., Prosperi, S., Colombo, L., Myftari, V., Cesti\u00e8, C., Labbro Francia, A., and German\u00f2, R. (2024). Prognostic Assessment of HLM Score in Heart Failure Due to Ischemic Heart Disease: A Pilot Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113322"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2022.03.010","article-title":"Coronary atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic US. population: Miami Heart Study at Baptist Health South Florida","volume":"15","author":"Nasir","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021372","article-title":"Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease","volume":"383","author":"Nidorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.02.049","article-title":"Randomized trial of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"77","author":"Broch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00520-1","article-title":"IL-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high atherosclerotic risk (RESCUE): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"397","author":"Ridker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/2\/211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:35:32Z","timestamp":1759919732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/2\/211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61020211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61020211","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}}}