{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:30:39Z","timestamp":1791347439898,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Semmelweis Science and Innovation Fund"},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Fund"},{"name":"B\u00f3lyai scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"\u00daNKP-20-5 and \u00daNKP-21-5 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objective: Brain morphometry is shaped by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, including physiological and neuropsychiatric conditions. These influences can vary across distinct brain regions, yet the precise contributions of genetics and environment to regional variation in healthy brains remain poorly understood. This study examines the heritability of specific brain structures to provide deeper insights into their development. Materials and Methods: We studied 118 healthy adult twins from the Hungarian Twin Registry using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T1W MRI) and the volBrain pipeline for structural measurements. Results: In all regions, monozygotic (MZ) twins showed a higher resemblance than dizygotic (DZ) twins in total brainstem and cerebellar volumes, with significant heritability (A: 90.5\u201392.6%) and minimal unique environmental effects (E: &lt;1%). For supratentorial regions, regarding the total gray matter volume, all regions exhibited high heritability (A: 74.5\u201392.4%) and minimal environmental influence (E: &lt;1.5%). In average cortical thickness analysis, the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and pre-central gyrus were influenced by shared and unique environmental factors (C: 63\u201366.5%; E: 33.4\u201337%), whereas genetics were more prominent in the parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and post-central gyrus (A: 67.7\u201385%; E: 15\u201332.3%). Conclusions: Genetics strongly influence cortical gray matter volume in supratentorial regions (both total and regional), as well as the total brainstem volume and the total and cortical gray matter volumes of the cerebellum in infratentorial regions. This genetic influence extends to the average cortical thickness of the parietal lobe, post-central gyrus, and occipital lobe, while the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and pre-central gyrus are more affected by environmental factors. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding region-specific genetic and environmental contributions to brain structure, which could guide personalized therapeutic and preventive strategies for neurological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:55:22Z","timestamp":1738648522000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Morphometric Analysis of Neocortical and Infratentorial Structures: Genetic and Environmental Insights from a Twin Neuroanatomical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6942-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirreza","family":"Alijanpourotaghsara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8450-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsalan","family":"Vessal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirmasoud","family":"Alijanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5911-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Strelnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6000-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marton","family":"Piroska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliz","family":"Persely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsofia","family":"Jokkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laszlo","family":"Szalontai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianka","family":"Forgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, \u00d6rebro University, SE-701 82 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lajos Rudolf","family":"Kozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Bekesy-Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-736X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pal","family":"Maurovich-Horvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7001-7647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Laszlo","family":"Tarnoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5909-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Domonkos","family":"Tarnoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, 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