{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:18Z","timestamp":1787028918484,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: While shoulder injuries represent the musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) most encountered in physical therapy, there is no consensus on their management. In attempts to provide standardized and personalized treatment, a robotic-assisted device combined with EMG biofeedback specifically dedicated to shoulder MSDs was developed. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of an 8-week rehabilitation program (3 sessions a week) using a robotic-assisted device combined with EMG biofeedback (RA-EMG group) in comparison with a conventional program (CONV group) in patients presenting with shoulder MSDs. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective cohort study including data from 2010 to 2013 on patients initially involved in a physical rehabilitation program in a private clinic in Chicoutimi (Canada) for shoulder MSDs. Shoulder flexion strength and range of motion were collected before and after the rehabilitation program. Forty-four patients participated in a conventional program using dumbbells (CONV group), while 73 completed a program on a robot-assisted device with EMG and visual biofeedback (RA-EMG group); both programs consisted of two sets of 20 repetitions at 60% of maximal capacity. Results: We showed that the RA-EMG had significantly greater benefits than the CONV group for shoulder flexion strength (4.45 [2.6;6.15] kg vs. 2.3 [0.90;4.775] kg, U = 761, p = 0.013) and for normalized strength (77.5 [51.3;119.1] % vs. 39.1 [16.6;89.2] %, U = 755, p = 0.016). In addition, the RA-EMG group showed a trend to greater absolute gain of ROM than the CONV group (10.0 [0;24.3] degrees vs. 5.5 [0;12.0] degrees, U = 1931, p = 0.067), and a greater benefit in normalized ROM was observed for the RA-EMG (7.4. [0;17.7] %) than the CONV group (4.6 [0;10.8], U = 1907, p = 0.046). Conclusions: The current retrospective cohort study showed that a specific and tailored 8-week rehabilitation program with constant effort by automatic adjustment of the level of resistance by EMG feedback induced greater benefits for shoulder flexion strength and a trend to improve range of motion compared to conventional rehabilitation in patients with shoulder MSDs. Future research should be pursued to determine the added potential of this approach for abduction and external rotation with a randomized controlled design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T05:50:36Z","timestamp":1738734636000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Shoulder Musculoskeletal Disorder Rehabilitation Using a Robotic Device Based on Electromyography (EMG) Biofeedback: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0247-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Lavalli\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Kinesiology, Department of Health Sciences, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche Biom\u00e9canique & Neurophysiologique en R\u00e9adaptation Neuro-Musculo-Squelettique\u2014Lab BioNR, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9507-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Kinesiology, Department of Health Sciences, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski (UQAR), Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3413-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Ojardias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42100 Saint-Etienne, France"},{"name":"Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Trajectoires Team (Inserm UMR-S 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon1 & Saint-Etienne Universities), 42270 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Turpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILFOMER (Institut Limousin de Formation aux M\u00e9tiers de la R\u00e9adaptation), Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6915-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00efck","family":"Perrochon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILFOMER (Institut Limousin de Formation aux M\u00e9tiers de la R\u00e9adaptation), Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France"},{"name":"HAVAE UR20217 (Handicap, Ageing, Autonomy, Environment), University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Rigoard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Poitiers, PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"CHU de Poitiers, Department of Neurospine Surgery & Neuromodulation, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Prime Institute UPR 3346, CNRS, ISAE-ENSMA, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, 86360 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Goudman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Jette, Belgium"},{"name":"STIMULUS Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation VUB\/UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion (PAIN) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology, and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO), 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Jette, Belgium"},{"name":"STIMULUS Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation VUB\/UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion (PAIN) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology, and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Poitiers, PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Poitiers University Hospital, University of Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Billot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Poitiers, PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition et l\u2019Apprentissage UMR7295, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, Universit\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais de Tours, 86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100885","article-title":"ICON 2019: International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: Clinical Terminology","volume":"54","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Michel, C., Arcand, R., Crevier, H., Dovonou, N., Martin, R., Pelletier, P., and Phaneuf, R. (2010). Portrait National des Troubles Musculosquelettiques (TMS) 1998\u20132007: TMS Sous Surveillance, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique Qu\u00e9bec. Direction des Risques Biologiques et de la sant\u00e9 au Travail."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Tissot, F., Stock, S., Nicolakakis, N., and Sassine, M.-P. (2020). Portrait des Troubles Musculo-Squelettiques D\u2019origine non Traumatique Li\u00e9s au Travail: R\u00e9sultats de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate Qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise sur la Sant\u00e9 de la Population, 2014\u20132015, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058875","article-title":"Rehabilitation of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff injuries: An evidence-based review","volume":"44","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2014.920991","article-title":"Dutch Orthopaedic Association Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of subacromial pain syndrome: A multidisciplinary review by the Dutch Orthopaedic Association","volume":"85","author":"Diercks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"279","article-title":"Exercise rehabilitation in the non-operative management of rotator cuff tears: A review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022006","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022006","article-title":"Are trajectories of neck-shoulder pain associated with sick leave and work ability in workers? A 1-year prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Hallman","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32457-1","article-title":"Arthroscopic subacromial decompression for subacromial shoulder pain (CSAW): A multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group, placebo-controlled, three-group, randomised surgical trial","volume":"391","author":"Beard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000528","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000528","article-title":"How does surgery compare to sham surgery or physiotherapy as a treatment for tendinopathy? A systematic review of randomised trials","volume":"5","author":"Challoumas","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport. Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.99B6.BJJ-2016-0569.R1","article-title":"Arthroscopic decompression not recommended in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinopathy","volume":"99","author":"Ketola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/sae.12009","article-title":"A Review of Systematic Reviews of the Effectiveness of Conservative Interventions for Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Littlewood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shoulder Elb."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naunton, J., Harrison, C., Britt, H., Haines, T., and Malliaras, P. (2020). General practice management of rotator cuff related shoulder pain: A reliance on ultrasound and injection guided care. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227688"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759720X211037530","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X211037530","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of treatment options for subacromial shoulder conditions: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Babatunde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E149","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20180179","article-title":"Surgery for shoulder impingement: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.15-0103-RA","article-title":"Efficacy of exercise therapy in workers with rotator cuff tendinopathy: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Desmeules","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20180335","article-title":"Exercise therapy in the non-operative treatment of full-thickness rotator cuff tears: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Jeanfavre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2011.08.002","article-title":"Exercise for rotator cuff tendinopathy: A systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Littlewood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.8498","article-title":"An Update of Systematic Reviews Examining the Effectiveness of Conservative Physical Therapy Interventions for Subacromial Shoulder Pain","volume":"50","author":"Pieters","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096515","article-title":"Effectiveness of conservative interventions including exercise, manual therapy and medical management in adults with shoulder impingement: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs","volume":"51","author":"Steuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8810867","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8810867","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Arm Training versus Therapist-Mediated Training after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01742","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1742","article-title":"Robot-assisted therapy for upper-limb rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0043-3","article-title":"Robot-supported upper limb training in a virtual learning environment: A pilot randomized controlled trial in persons with MS","volume":"12","author":"Feys","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316666957","article-title":"Effects of Robot-Assisted Therapy for the Upper Limb After Stroke","volume":"31","author":"Veerbeek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.12.008","article-title":"Robot-assisted Therapy for the Upper Limb after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"30","author":"Yozbatiran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payedimarri, A.B., Ratti, M., Rescinito, R., Vanhaecht, K., and Panella, M. (2022). Effectiveness of Platform-Based Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation for Musculoskeletal or Neurologic Injuries: A Systematic Review. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9040129"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiyono, K., Tanabe, S., Hirano, S., Ii, T., Nakagawa, Y., Tan, K., Saitoh, E., and Otaka, Y. (2024). Effectiveness of Robotic Devices for Medical Rehabilitation: An Umbrella Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216616"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banyai, A.D., and Bri\u0219an, C. (2024). Robotics in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.2007.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520961654","article-title":"Robot-assisted training after proximal humeral fracture: A randomised controlled multicentre intervention trial","volume":"35","author":"Nerz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2274-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of robot-assisted training added to conventional rehabilitation in patients with humeral fracture early after surgical treatment: Protocol of a randomised, controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"18","author":"Nerz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06112-2","article-title":"Robot-assisted arm training for treating adult patients with distal radius fracture: A proof-of-concept pilot study","volume":"56","author":"Picelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-3","article-title":"A survey on robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Maciejasz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"3364","article-title":"Effectiveness of therapeutic electromyographic biofeedback after orthopedic knee surgeries: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Celik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bui, H.T., Duchesne, S., Desjardins, P., Comtois, A.S., and Leone, M. (2011, January 6\u20139). A novel shoulder training\/rehabilitation device based on the concept of percentage of muscular activation (PMA). Proceedings of the 16th European College of Sport Science (ECSS) Annual Congress, Liverpool, UK."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0788-x","article-title":"Effects of Rest Interval Duration in Resistance Training on Measures of Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Grgic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.01.006","article-title":"Measuring shoulder external and internal rotation strength and range of motion: Comprehensive intra-rater and inter-rater reliability study of several testing protocols","volume":"23","author":"Cools","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.05.023","article-title":"Deltoid muscle contribution to shoulder flexion and abduction strength\u2014An experimental approach","volume":"30","author":"Hecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures","volume":"10","author":"Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1746","article-title":"The effect of experimental pain on the excitability of the corticospinal tract in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Rohel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8713218","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8713218","article-title":"Effect of Cutaneous Heat Pain on Corticospinal Excitability of the Tibialis Anterior at Rest and during Submaximal Contraction","volume":"2018","author":"Billot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.3.379","article-title":"Meta-analysis of biofeedback for tension-type headache: Efficacy, specificity, and treatment moderators","volume":"76","author":"Nestoriuc","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz093","article-title":"Is Virtual Reality Effective in Orthopedic Rehabilitation? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Gumaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"2","article-title":"Virtual Reality in patients experiencing chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Goudman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res. Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e19201","article-title":"Tele-Rehabilitation Strategies for a Patient With Post-stroke Spasticity: A Powerful Tool Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Mihai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.07.032","article-title":"Defining functional shoulder range of motion for activities of daily living","volume":"21","author":"Namdari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-015-9328-3","article-title":"Evaluation of Novel EMG Biofeedback for Postural Correction During Computer Use","volume":"41","author":"Gaffney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.09.007","article-title":"EMG biofeedback effectiveness to alter muscle activity pattern and scapular kinematics in subjects with and without shoulder impingement","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2019.07.009","article-title":"Positive effects of neuromuscular shoulder exercises with or without EMG-biofeedback, on pain and function in participants with subacromial pain syndrome\u2014A randomised controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Larsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.09.008","article-title":"Selective activation of intra-muscular compartments within the trapezius muscle in subjects with Subacromial Impingement Syndrome. A case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2014-0113","article-title":"Effect of Selective Muscle Training Using Visual EMG Biofeedback on Infraspinatus and Posterior Deltoid","volume":"44","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102647","article-title":"Using biofeedback to optimize scapular muscle activation ratios during a seated resisted scaption exercise","volume":"63","author":"Riek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.04.007","article-title":"Current concepts in the rehabilitation of rotator cuff related disorders","volume":"18","author":"Boland","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"285","article-title":"Quantitative relationship between surface EMG and intramuscular electromyographic activity in voluntary movement","volume":"51","author":"Bouisset","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Desmeules, F., Roy, J.-S., Dyer, J.-O., Fr\u00e9mont, P., Dionne, C., MacDermid, J.C., Tousignant, M., and Rochette, A. (2021). Les L\u00e9sions Professionnelles de la Coiffe des Rotateurs de L\u2019\u00e9paule: Optimiser la Prise en Charge des Travailleurs et Favoriser le Retour au Travail, Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauv\u00e9 en Sant\u00e9 et en S\u00e9curit\u00e9 du Travail."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"87","article-title":"Physiotherapists\u2019 recommendations for examination and treatment of rotator cuff related shoulder pain: A consensus exercise","volume":"40","author":"Littlewood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiother. Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.04.036","article-title":"Scapular kinematic is altered after electromyography biofeedback training","volume":"49","author":"Gunderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0296-1","article-title":"A Context-Aware Application to Increase Elderly Users Compliance with Physical Rehabilitation Exercises at Home via Animatronic Biofeedback","volume":"39","author":"Gamecho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/63.2.200","article-title":"Effect of electromyographic biofeedback on an isometric strengthening program","volume":"63","author":"Lucca","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080281","article-title":"Real-time kinematic, temporospatial, and kinetic biofeedback during gait retraining in patients: A systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Tate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31816c7bf1","article-title":"Effects of exercises on Bell\u2019s palsy: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"29","author":"Cardoso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099878","article-title":"What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: Systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2022.11306","article-title":"Diagnosing, Managing and Supporting Return to Work of Adults with Rotator Cuff Disorders: A Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"52","author":"Lafrance","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/2\/272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:27:07Z","timestamp":1760027227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/2\/272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61020272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61020272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]}}}