{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:41:15Z","timestamp":1793832075624,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hidetaka Noma","award":["22K09821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K09821"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment with intravitreal brolucizumab (IVBr) was launched as a novel treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but the incidence of intraocular inflammation (IOI) as a specific adverse effect of brolucizumab has been reported. We evaluated the dynamics of inflammatory factors in AMD in patients with or without IOI before and after anti-VEGF treatment with IVBr. We describe three patients who did not develop inflammation after three consecutive administrations of IVBr and three in whom inflammation occurred after the first IVBr treatment. The presence or absence of inflammation was determined by slit-lamp examination and a laser flare meter. Aqueous humor was obtained during anti-VEGF treatment with IVBr. Levels of VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon-inducible 10 kDa protein (IP-10), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligands (Flt-3L), and fractalkine were measured. Vision worsened in one patient who developed IOI after initial IVBr, so IVBr was discontinued and the patient was switched to intravitreal aflibercept with sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide. IVBr was continued in the two other patients with IOI. VEGF decreased after IVBr in all patients with and without IOI. On the other hand, at 1 month IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, IP-10, and Flt-3L were higher in the three patients with IOI compared with baseline and with the three patients without IOI. In two patients with IOI, not only flares but also IL-8, IP-10, and Flt-3L decreased from 1 to 2 months after IVBr despite continued IVBr. This case series might lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IOI after IVBr.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1740049417000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dynamics of Inflammatory Factors in Aqueous Humor During Brolucizumab Treatment for Age-Related Macular Degenerations: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Masaki","family":"Asakage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, 1163, Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-3063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidetaka","family":"Noma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, 1163, Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanako","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, 1163, Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Shimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, 1163, Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.04.017","article-title":"HAWK and HARRIER: Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Masked Trials of Brolucizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"127","author":"Dugel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.06.028","article-title":"HAWK and HARRIER: Ninety-Six-Week Outcomes from the Phase 3 Trials of Brolucizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"128","author":"Dugel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilgic, A., Kodjikian, L., March de Ribot, F., Vasavada, V., Gonzalez-Cortes, J.H., Abukashabah, A., Sudhalkar, A., and Mathis, T. 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