{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:01:36Z","timestamp":1787328096596,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a biologically aggressive malignancy characterised by poor survival outcomes often attributed to delayed diagnosis due to nonspecific clinical presentations. Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs), atypical symptoms caused by cancer itself, may serve as valuable indicators for timely diagnosis, particularly in malignancies with nonspecific features. Understanding the manifestations of PNSs in GBC is, therefore, critical. This systematic review collates case studies documenting the association of PNS with GBC, including subsequent management and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases yielded 49 relevant articles. Upon searching other information sources, two more relevant articles were identified via citation sources. Results: The paraneoplastic syndromes were classified according to haematological (leukocytosis), dermatological (inflammatory myositis like dermatomyositis and polymyositis, acanthosis nigricans, Sweet\u2019s syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis), neurological, metabolic (hypercalcemia, hyponatremia), and others (chorea). The analysis included the age, sex, and country of origin of the patient, as well as the time of PNS diagnosis relative to GBC diagnosis. Furthermore, common presenting complaints, investigations, and effectiveness of treatment modalities using survival time were assessed. Conclusions: While PNS management can offer some benefits, oncologic outcomes of GBC are largely poor. The majority of PNS in GBC are reported in advanced stages, and, hence, PNS has a minimal role in early diagnosis. PNS management can improve a patient\u2019s quality of life, and thus recognition and treatment are important considerations in the holistic management of GBC patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:04:44Z","timestamp":1740643484000},"page":"417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Gallbladder Cancer: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0876-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth Shin Rei","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4780-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevin Yi Meng","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wee Teck","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0748-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of GI Surgery, HPB and Liver Transplant, PGIMER Chandigarh, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vor","family":"Luvira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoichi","family":"Takaori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pancreatic Cancer Unit, Kyoto University Hospital Cancer Center, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3988-8142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal G.","family":"Shelat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2007.11.011","article-title":"Gallbladder cancer","volume":"196","author":"Gourgiotis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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