{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:00:20Z","timestamp":1791054020166,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Kazakhstan\u2019s unique geographic, dietary, and cultural factors contribute to the widespread occurrence of vitamin D deficiency across the entire country population, particularly among children. This study aims to assess the mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children in Kazakhstan and determine whether it differs between healthy and non-healthy children, as well as between infants and older age groups. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed across five databases by two researchers. Studies were eligible if they were observational and provided the number of children with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels below 20 ng\/mL out of the total number of children assessed in Kazakhstan. Results: Eleven studies were included in the analysis, assessing 1396 children, of whom 714 had the outcome of interest. The pooled mean estimate of vitamin D deficiency among children was 56% (95% CI, 46\u201365%), with particularly concerning rates among infants at 65% (95% CI, 44\u201382%). No substantial differences were observed between healthy and non-healthy children. Conclusions: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children is alarmingly high. These results highlight the urgent necessity of tackling vitamin D deficiency as a public health priority. Incorporating vitamin D deficiency prevention into Kazakhstan\u2019s national healthcare program is vital for improving child health outcomes and reducing the long-term burden of associated complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T06:45:42Z","timestamp":1740725142000},"page":"428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency in Kazakhstani Children: Insights from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1796-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indira","family":"Karibayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galiya","family":"Bilibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assiya","family":"Iglikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Yerzhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4472-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roza","family":"Alekesheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5354-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makhigul","family":"Maxudova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neilya","family":"Ussebayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13968","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Disease Burden of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Roadmap for Action in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"1430","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. 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