{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T10:39:23Z","timestamp":1794220763757,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":213,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia, defined as the progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and function, is largely prevalent but still clinically underrecognized among patients undergoing chronic dialysis therapy. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic acidosis, hormonal imbalances, protein waste, malnutrition, and reduced physical activity. This multifactorial condition profoundly impairs quality of life and may lead to significant clinical consequences, including frailty, an increased risk of falls and hospitalization, and elevated mortality. Despite its clinical relevance, sarcopenia often remains underdiagnosed due to inconsistent diagnostic criteria and challenges in assessing body composition in dialysis populations. Therapeutic strategies, including tailored exercise programs, nutritional interventions, and pharmacological treatments, are essential to mitigate muscle loss and improve patient outcomes. Early identification and routine sarcopenia assessment in clinical practice could play a pivotal role in enhancing the management of dialysis patients. A multidisciplinary, personalized approach is necessary to address the diverse factors contributing to sarcopenia and to improve the overall prognosis and quality of life for this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T04:58:17Z","timestamp":1741064297000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Comprehensive Insights into Sarcopenia in Dialysis Patients: Mechanisms, Assessment, and Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Mariateresa","family":"Zicarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna-Graecia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anila","family":"Duni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Leivaditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9094-0589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Baciga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University \u201cMagna-Graecia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-8372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fiorentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9364-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bang-Gee","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9423-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Roumeliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3947-1814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Dounousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3032-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Bolignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University \u201cMagna-Graecia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00050-0","article-title":"The major global burden of chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Jadoul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiological Insights and Therapeutic Options","volume":"143","author":"Jankowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad179","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and symptom burden in patients on haemodialysis","volume":"39","author":"Bonenkamp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanden Wyngaert, K., Van Craenenbroeck, A.H., Eloot, S., Calders, P., Celie, B., Holvoet, E., and Van Biesen, W. (2020). Associations between the measures of physical function, risk of falls and the quality of life in haemodialysis patients: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1671-9"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afae052","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae052","article-title":"The Conceptual Definition of Sarcopenia: Delphi Consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS)","volume":"53","author":"Kirk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00550-w","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"10","author":"Sayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12890","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevalence, and mortality of sarcopenia in dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000364","article-title":"Nutrition Management in Geriatric Patients with CKD","volume":"5","author":"Ertuglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-017-0302-x","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: A systematic review and meta- analysis of general population studies","volume":"16","author":"Shafiee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10261013","article-title":"Comparative associations of muscle mass and muscle strength with mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Isoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0505-5","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in elderly maintenance hemodialysis patients: The impact of different diagnostic criteria","volume":"18","author":"Lamarca","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.03.023","article-title":"Unsatisfactory knowledge and use of terminology regarding malnutrition, starvation, cachexia and sarcopenia among dietitians","volume":"35","author":"Vanhauwaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.02.025","article-title":"Screening for muscle wasting and dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"90","author":"Carrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wathanavasin, W., Banjongjit, A., Avihingsanon, Y., Praditpornsilpa, K., Tungsanga, K., Eiam-Ong, S., and Susantitaphong, P. (2022). Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Its Impact on Cardiovascular Events and Mortality among Dialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194077"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13425","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.11227","article-title":"Agreement between the EWGSOP2 and SDOC consensuses for sarcopenia in patients receiving hemodialysis: Findings of a cross sectional analysis from the SARC-HD study","volume":"39","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533617696331","article-title":"Differences in Prevalence of Muscle Wasting in Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis per Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Due to Variation in Guideline Definitions of Sarcopenia","volume":"32","author":"Hung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12555","article-title":"Differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia in haemodialysis patients: The effects of gender and ethnicity","volume":"31","author":"Yoowannakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0033-6","article-title":"The prevalence of muscle wasting (sarcopenia) in peritoneal dialysis patients varies with ethnicity due to differences in muscle mass measured by bioimpedance","volume":"72","author":"Yoowannakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2015.1132173","article-title":"Sarcopenia in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: Incidence rate, risk factors and its effect on survival risk","volume":"38","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, T.L., Wilson, K.E., and Heymsfield, S.B. (2009). Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007038"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04130511","article-title":"The effect of racial origin on total body water volume in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"6","author":"Davenport","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.1.91","article-title":"Assessment of total body water from anthropometry-based equations using bioelectrical impedance as reference in Korean adult control and haemodialysis subjects","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.025","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Asia: Consensus Report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01458-0","article-title":"Malnutrition, protein energy wasting and sarcopenia in patients attending a haemodialysis centre in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"78","author":"Crystal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-014-0169-6","article-title":"Physical exercise programs in CKD: Lights, shades and perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Aucella","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000355798","article-title":"Physical performance and clinical outcomes in dialysis patients: A secondary analysis of the EXCITE trial","volume":"39","author":"Torino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musolino, M., Presta, P., Cianfrone, P., Errante, M.A., Andreucci, M., Coppolino, G., and Bolignano, D. (2023). Self-Reported Physical Inactivity and Mood Disturbances in End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) Patients on Chronic Dialysis Treatment. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227160"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1159\/000431339","article-title":"The role of deconditioning in the end-stage renal disease myopathy: Physical exercise improves altered resting muscle oxygen consumption","volume":"41","author":"Manfredini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95185","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.95185","article-title":"Systemic inflammation is associated with exaggerated skeletal muscle protein catabolism in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"2","author":"Deger","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser, W.J., Egmond, A., Timman, R., Severs, D., and Hoorn, E.J. (2020). Risk Factors for Muscle Loss in Hemodialysis Patients with High Comorbidity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092494"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.29250","article-title":"Relative contributions of nutrition and inflammation to clinical outcome in dialysis patients","volume":"38","author":"Kopple","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00076.x","article-title":"Relationships among inflammation nutrition and physiologic mechanisms establishing albumin levels in hemodialysis patients","volume":"61","author":"Kaysen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9428458","article-title":"Interleukin-6 may mediate malnutrition in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"31","author":"Kaizu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"855","article-title":"Sarcopenia and inflammation in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"37","author":"Hortegal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, B.G., Wang, C.H., Tsai, J.P., Chen, Y.H., Hung, S.C., and Lin, Y.L. (2024). Association of serum intact parathyroid hormone levels with sarcopenia in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1487449"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0574-y","article-title":"Effects of volume status on body composition in incident peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"74","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Zhang, Q., Ni, L., Zhang, M., Wang, M., Zhang, W., and Chen, J. (2022). Risk Factors Affecting Muscle Mass Decline in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. BioMed Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2925216"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeda, M., Honda, H., Takahashi, K., Shishido, K., and Shibata, T. (2016). N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide as a Biomarker for Loss of Muscle Mass in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166804"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00835-9","article-title":"Assessing lean tissue by bioelectrical impedance analysis pre hemodialysis underestimates the prevalence of sarcopenia in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx342","article-title":"The effect of high-volume online haemodiafiltration on nutritional status and body composition: The ProtEin Stores prEservaTion (PESET) study","volume":"33","author":"Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.339","article-title":"Amino acid and albumin losses during hemodialysis","volume":"46","author":"Ikizler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1984.167","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis and loss of proteins: A review","volume":"26","author":"Dulaney","year":"1984","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, J.Y., Kim, A.Y., and Kang, S.H. (2021). Peritoneal Protein Loss Is Not Associated with Sarcopenia in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.653807"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.07.019","article-title":"Disturbed carnitine metabolism is independently correlated with sarcopenia and prognosis in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"43","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takashima, H., Maruyama, T., and Abe, M. (2021). Significance of Levocarnitine Treatment in Dialysis Patients. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041219"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000186280","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of intravenous L-carnitine therapy on function, structure and fatty acid metabolism of skeletal muscle in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis","volume":"57","author":"Siami","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c41","DOI":"10.1159\/000078399","article-title":"Effects of carnitine supplementation on muscle metabolism by the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy in end-stage renal disease","volume":"97","author":"Vaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.001","article-title":"The effect of parathyroid hormone on the uptake and retention of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in skeletal muscle cells","volume":"173","author":"Abboud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5766","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030604","article-title":"Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam","volume":"88","author":"Visser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.65.477","article-title":"Relation of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status with Skeletal Muscle Mass and Grip Strength in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000536582","article-title":"Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Sarcopenia in Patients Undergoing Chronic Haemodialysis","volume":"55","author":"Hori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2024.05.009","article-title":"Risk Prediction Models for Sarcopenia in Dialysis Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"35","author":"Leng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"56","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D status on statin-induced myopathy","volume":"6","author":"Riche","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.8.1199","article-title":"Severe myopathy associated with vitamin D deficiency in western New York","volume":"160","author":"Prabhala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5924.150","article-title":"Iatrogenic osteomalacia and myopathy due to phosphate depletion","volume":"3","author":"Baker","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.139885","article-title":"The evaluation of relationship between vitamin D and muscle power by micro manual muscle tester in end-stage renal disease patients","volume":"25","author":"Zahed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)90428-1","article-title":"Muscle weakness in osteomalacia","volume":"1","author":"Schott","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-80-2-182","article-title":"Neuromuscular disease in primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"80","author":"Patten","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-4-474","article-title":"Neuromuscular disease in secondary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"82","author":"Mallette","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120508.x","article-title":"Neuromuscular symptoms in elderly patients with hyperparathyroidism: Improvement with parathyroid surgery","volume":"149","author":"Delbridge","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1988.33","article-title":"Chronic renal failure, parathyroid hormone and fatty acids oxidation in skeletal muscle","volume":"33","author":"Smogorzewski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00614.x","article-title":"Uremic myopathy","volume":"62","author":"Campistol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"218","article-title":"Effect of chronic uraemia on skeletal muscle metabolism in man","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"445","article-title":"Uraemia-like syndrome in dogs chronically intoxicated with methylguanidine and creatinine","volume":"36","author":"Giovannetti","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.290120204","article-title":"Regulation of intracellular creatine in erythrocytes and myoblasts: Influence of uraemia and inhibition of Na, K-ATPase","volume":"12","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"264","article-title":"An Na, K ATPase inhibitor from ultrafiltrate obtained by hemodialysis of patients with uremia","volume":"120","author":"Sohn","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000504557","article-title":"Impact of Serum Bicarbonate Levels on Muscle Mass and Kidney Function in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients","volume":"51","author":"Kittiskulnam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13330","article-title":"Effects of correcting metabolic acidosis on muscle mass and functionality in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Visser","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1159\/000057450","article-title":"Mechanisms causing muscle proteolysis in uremia: The influence of insulin and cytokines","volume":"25","author":"Mitch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Miner. Electrolyte Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.247","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity of muscle protein metabolism is altered in patients with chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis","volume":"88","author":"Garibotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70077-6","article-title":"Association of acidosis and nutritional parameters in hemodialysis patients","volume":"34","author":"Uribarri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.05.029","article-title":"Effect of bicarbonate on muscle protein in patients receiving hemodialysis","volume":"48","author":"Lofberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12745","article-title":"Oxidative stress in hemodialysis: Causative mechanisms, clinical implications, and possible therapeutic interventions","volume":"32","author":"Liakopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaltsatou, A., Sakkas, G.K., Poulianiti, K.P., Koutedakis, Y., Tepetes, K., Christodoulidis, G., Stefanidis, I., and Karatzaferi, C. (2015). Uremic myopathy: Is oxidative stress implicated in muscle dysfunction in uremia?. Front. Physiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00102"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20743","article-title":"Oxidative stress, chronic disease, and muscle wasting","volume":"35","author":"Moylan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fatigue: Cellular mechanisms","volume":"88","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.199059","article-title":"Acute effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species on the contractile function of skeletal muscle","volume":"589","author":"Lamb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1159\/000077376","article-title":"Effect of dietary creatine on skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain isoform expression in an animal model of uremia","volume":"96","author":"Taes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephron Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760290019318","article-title":"Increase in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in skeletal muscle of uremic patients","volume":"36","author":"Lim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl721","article-title":"Markers of oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of patients on haemodialysis","volume":"22","author":"Crowe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08050520","article-title":"Role of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction in CKD","volume":"15","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.05.011","article-title":"CKD and Muscle Mitochondrial Energetics","volume":"68","author":"Roshanravan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/415096a","article-title":"Superoxide activates mitochondrial uncoupling proteins","volume":"415","author":"Echtay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12780","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12780","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"4","author":"Gamboa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10320819","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Present in Patients with CKD Before Initiation of Maintenance Hemodialysis","volume":"15","author":"Gamboa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001984","article-title":"Insulin resistance is associated with skeletal muscle protein breakdown in non-diabetic chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"71","author":"Siew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.14.1275","article-title":"Anabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate in patients receiving dialysis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"281","author":"Johansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1977.134","article-title":"A controlled trial of nondrolone decanoate in the treatment of uremic anemia","volume":"12","author":"Cattran","year":"1977","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy252","article-title":"Low testosterone is associated with frailty, muscle wasting and physical dysfunction among men receiving hemodialysis: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"34","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006010034","article-title":"Effects of resistance exercise training and nandrolone decanoate on body composition and muscle function among patients who receive hemodialysis: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Johansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badura, K., Janc, J., Wasik, J., Gnitecki, S., Skwira, S., Mlynarska, E., Rysz, J., and Franczyk, B. (2024). Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014A Narrative Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061191"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000187284","article-title":"The effect of treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin on the histological appearance and glycogen content of skeletal muscle in patients with chronic renal failure treated by regular hospital haemodialysis","volume":"64","author":"Davenport","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80431-8","article-title":"The effect of treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin on skeletal muscle function in patients with end-stage renal failure treated with regular hospital hemodialysis","volume":"22","author":"Davenport","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"223","article-title":"Reduced skeletal muscle function is associated with decreased fiber cross-sectional area in the Cy\/+ rat model of progressive kidney disease","volume":"31","author":"Organ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/12.1.119","article-title":"Physiological abnormalities of skeletal muscle in dialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Fahal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00704.x","article-title":"Muscle atrophy in patients receiving hemodialysis: Effects on muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical function","volume":"63","author":"Johansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakinowska, E., Olejnik-Wojciechowska, J., Kielbowski, K., Skoryk, A., and Pawlik, A. (2024). Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease-The Role of Inflammation, Metabolic Dysregulation, Gut Dysbiosis, and microRNA. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158474"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13075","article-title":"Loss of appendicular muscle mass in haemodialysis patients is associated with increased self-reported depression, anxiety and lower general health scores","volume":"23","author":"Alston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009","article-title":"The frailty syndrome: Definition and natural history","volume":"27","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2017.00271","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Frailty in PD: Impact on Mortality, Malnutrition, and Inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Kamijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2021.04.001","article-title":"Sarcopenia in hemodialysis patients from Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"7","author":"Abdala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Sarcopenia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.08.016","article-title":"Association Between Sarcopenia and Its Components and Dependency in Activities of Daily Living in Patients on Hemodialysis","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2017.12.003","article-title":"Association of Sarcopenia with Nutritional Parameters, Quality of Life, Hospitalization, and Mortality Rates of Elderly Patients on Hemodialysis","volume":"28","author":"Giglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.10.020","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria on hospitalization and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients: A 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"119","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8051631","article-title":"Protein-energy wasting and mortality in chronic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Bonanni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000504240","article-title":"A Practical Approach to Nutrition, Protein-Energy Wasting, Sarcopenia, and Cachexia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"49","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.13106","article-title":"Sarcopenia and cardiovascular risk indices: Its impact on cardiovascular events and mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"36","author":"Atmis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.05.005","article-title":"Relation of physical function and physical activity to sarcopenia in hemodialysis patients: A preliminary study","volume":"191","author":"Hotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2017.083","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia on long-term mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1149","article-title":"Study on the relationship between sarcopenia and its components and anorexia in elderly maintenance haemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elder, M., Moonen, A., Crowther, S., Aleksova, J., Center, J., and Elder, G.J. (2023). Chronic kidney disease-related sarcopenia as a prognostic indicator in elderly haemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03175-5"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111542","article-title":"Sarcopenia diagnosis using different criteria as a predictor of early mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"95","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"712","article-title":"Association of nutritional status with osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and cognitive impairment in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-021-02006-7","article-title":"Dynapenia is an independent predictor of cardio-cerebrovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"37","author":"Hayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.21.153","article-title":"The importance of muscle mass in predicting intradialytic hypotension in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"41","author":"Son","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2021.07.003","article-title":"Significant Association of Diabetes with Mortality of Chronic Hemodialysis Patients, Independent of the Presence of Obesity, Sarcopenia, and Sarcopenic Obesity","volume":"32","author":"Ishimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"157","article-title":"Could sarcopenia-related mortality in end-stage renal disease be underpinned by the number of hospitalizations and cardiovascular diseases?","volume":"55","author":"Gadelha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.01.024","article-title":"Sarcopenia and its individual criteria are associated, in part, with mortality among patients on hemodialysis","volume":"92","author":"Kittiskulnam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-021-01815-0","article-title":"The long-term prognostic factors in hemodialysis patients with acute coronary syndrome: Perspectives from sarcopenia and malnutrition","volume":"36","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kono, K., Moriyama, Y., Yabe, H., Hara, A., Ishida, T., Yamada, T., and Nishida, Y. (2021). Relationship between malnutrition and possible sarcopenia in the AWGS 2019 consensus affecting mortality in hemodialysis patients: A prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02566-w"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori, K., Nishide, K., Okuno, S., Shoji, T., Emoto, M., Tsuda, A., Nakatani, S., Imanishi, Y., Ishimura, E., and Yamakawa, T. (2019). Impact of diabetes on sarcopenia and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1271-8"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Tocino, M.L., Miranda-Serrano, B., L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Villoria-Gonz\u00e1lez, S., Pereira-Garc\u00eda, M., Gracia-Iguacel, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Ibarguren, I., Ort\u00edz-Arduan, A., Mas-Fontao, S., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Parra, E. (2022). Sarcopenia and Mortality in Older Hemodialysis Patients. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112354"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.056","article-title":"Development and validation of a multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy equation to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass in hemodialysis patients","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.07.1059","article-title":"Concomitant sarcopenia and undernutrition: Impact on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"63","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.13853","article-title":"The amount of skeletal muscle mass is associated with arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Ulgen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200846","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2200846","article-title":"Interrelationships between sarcopenia, bone turnover markers and low bone mineral density in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2022.01.014","article-title":"Handgrip Strength Thresholds are Associated with Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"32","author":"Xavier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, T., Fu, P., and Zhou, L. (2023). Sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1181139"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13311","article-title":"One-year change in sarcopenia was associated with cognitive impairment among haemodialysis patients","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-024-01503-9","article-title":"Prevalence of osteosarcopenia and its association with mortality and fractures among patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"42","author":"Yoshikoshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13039","article-title":"Associations between dynapenia, cardiovascular hospitalizations, and all-cause mortality among patients on haemodialysis","volume":"13","author":"Yoshikoshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.H., Kim, J.S., Jung, S.W., Hwang, H.S., Moon, J.Y., Jeong, K.H., Lee, S.H., Lee, S.Y., Ko, G.J., and Lee, D.Y. (2020). Gait speed and handgrip strength as predictors of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01831-8"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11695","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11695","article-title":"Depression and low physical activity are related to sarcopenia in hemodialysis: A single-center study","volume":"9","author":"Yuenyongchaiwat","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.11044","article-title":"Associations of sarcopenic obesity vs. either sarcopenia or obesity alone with cognitive impairment risk in patients requiring maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_254_20","article-title":"Assessment of uremic sarcopenia in dialysis patients: An update","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.12.15","article-title":"Established paths and new avenues: A review of the main radiological techniques for investigating sarcopenia","volume":"10","author":"Giraudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","article-title":"The FNIH sarcopenia project: Rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates","volume":"69","author":"Studenski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003","article-title":"Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: Prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Fielding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.80","article-title":"A whole-body model to distinguish excess fluid from the hydration of major body tissues","volume":"85","author":"Chamney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000167013","article-title":"Importance of whole-body bioimpedance spectroscopy for the management of fluid balance","volume":"27","author":"Wabel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, N., Vaninni, F.C.D., Silva, M.Z.C., de Oliveira, R.C., Reis, F.M., Costa, F.L., Martin, L.C., and Barretti, P. (2021). Agreement of Single-Frequency Electrical Bioimpedance in the Evaluation of Fat Free Mass and Fat Mass in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.686513"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2478\/joeb-2018-0014","article-title":"Estimation of Body Composition and Water Data Depends on the Bioelectrical Impedance Device","volume":"9","author":"Bellafronte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electr. Bioimpedance"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.04.034","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in body composition are associated with all-cause mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12210","article-title":"The reliability and validity of ultrasound to quantify muscles in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Nijholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-018-0104-9","article-title":"Application of ultrasound for muscle assessment in sarcopenia: Towards standardized measurements","volume":"9","author":"Perkisas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.07.025","article-title":"The clinical applicability of ultrasound technique for diagnosis of sarcopenia in hemodialysis patients","volume":"40","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01166-7","article-title":"Quadriceps muscle thickness assessed by ultrasound is independently associated with mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"76","author":"Sabatino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-023-01867-7","article-title":"Sarcopenia diagnosed by ultrasound-assessed quadriceps muscle thickness and handgrip strength predicts mortality in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"37","author":"Sabatino","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad170","article-title":"Measurement properties of performance-based measures to assess physical function in chronic kidney disease: Recommendations from a COSMIN systematic review","volume":"16","author":"MacRae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5935\/0101-2800.20150072","article-title":"Impact of hemodialysis session on handgrip strength","volume":"37","author":"Pinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bras. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft070","article-title":"Uraemic sarcopenia: Aetiology and implications","volume":"29","author":"Fahal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.10.016","article-title":"The diagnosis of sarcopenia is mainly driven by muscle mass in hemodialysis patients","volume":"36","author":"Bataille","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00506-3","article-title":"The cut-off values of handgrip strength and lean mass index for sarcopenia among patients on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.03.020","article-title":"Handgrip strength is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in maintenance dialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Vogt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanden Wyngaert, K., Van Biesen, W., Eloot, S., Van Craenenbroeck, A.H., Calders, P., and Holvoet, E. (2022). The importance of physical performance in the assessment of patients on haemodialysis: A survival analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268115"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, M.P., Nobrega, O.T., Vogt, B.P., Pereira, M.S., Silva, M.Z.C., Mondini, D.R., Disessa, H.S., Adamoli, A.N., Bundchen, D.C., and Sant\u2019Helena, B.R.M. (2024). Reference Values for Handgrip Strength, Five Times Sit-to-Stand, and Gait Speed in Patients on Hemodialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., gfae232.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae232"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.018","article-title":"SARC-F: A simple questionnaire to rapidly diagnose sarcopenia","volume":"14","author":"Malmstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.L., Hou, J.S., Lai, Y.H., Wang, C.H., Kuo, C.H., Liou, H.H., and Hsu, B.G. (2020). Association of SARC-F Questionnaire and Mortality in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110890"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.08.004","article-title":"Enhancing SARC-F: Improving Sarcopenia Screening in the Clinical Practice","volume":"17","author":"Menezes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.L., Wang, C.H., Tsai, J.P., Chen, C.T., Chen, Y.H., Hung, S.C., and Hsu, B.G. (2022). A Comparison of SARC-F, Calf Circumference, and Their Combination for Sarcopenia Screening Among Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050923"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13078","article-title":"Simplified discriminant parameters for sarcopenia among patients undergoing haemodialysis","volume":"13","author":"Kakita","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa098","article-title":"Clinical and predictive value of simplified creatinine index used as muscle mass surrogate in end-stage kidney disease haemodialysis patients-results from the international MONitoring Dialysis Outcome initiative","volume":"35","author":"Canaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., and Jun, H.S. (2019). Role of Myokines in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00042"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.10.010","article-title":"Emerging role of myostatin and its inhibition in the setting of chronic kidney disease","volume":"95","author":"Verzola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz210","article-title":"Muscle mass and plasma myostatin after exercise training: A substudy of Renal Exercise (RENEXC)-a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1159\/000538533","article-title":"Serum Myostatin at Dialysis Initiation May Predict 1-Year Mortality and Hospitalization","volume":"148","author":"Sakashita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qaisar, R., Karim, A., Muhammad, T., Shah, I., and Khan, J. (2021). Prediction of sarcopenia using a battery of circulating biomarkers. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87974-6"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak, J.Y., Hwang, H., Kim, S.K., Choi, J.Y., Lee, S.M., Bang, H., Kwon, E.S., Lee, K.P., Chung, S.G., and Kwon, K.S. (2018). Prediction of sarcopenia using a combination of multiple serum biomarkers. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26617-9"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft213","article-title":"Serum creatinine level, a surrogate of muscle mass, predicts mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0336","article-title":"The obesity paradox and mortality associated with surrogates of body size and muscle mass in patients receiving hemodialysis","volume":"85","author":"Streja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V471475","article-title":"Lean body mass estimation by creatinine kinetics","volume":"4","author":"Keshaviah","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.10.003","article-title":"Novel equations to estimate lean body mass in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"57","author":"Noori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Yin, X., Huang, L., and Zhang, H. (2023). The \u201cadult inactivity triad\u201d in patients with chronic kidney disease: A review. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1160450"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-02049-9","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise in chronic kidney disease: Consensus statements from the Physical Exercise Working Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology","volume":"37","author":"Battaglia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii25","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa273","article-title":"Exercise training in dialysis patients: Impact on cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health","volume":"14","author":"Deligiannis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2022.2079983","article-title":"Effects of intradialytic exercise on functional capacity in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Araujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00840-y","article-title":"Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: What have we learned so far?","volume":"34","author":"Sabatino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006070794","article-title":"Exercise in maintenance hemodialysis patients induces transcriptional changes in genes favoring anabolic muscle","volume":"18","author":"Kopple","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-01896-w","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise programs for kidney patients: An Italian survey of nephrology centres","volume":"37","author":"Bulighin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group (2024). KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int., 105, S117\u2013S314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa161","article-title":"What is the role of exercise in chronic kidney disease?","volume":"37","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii3","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab012","article-title":"Exercise training in chronic kidney disease-effects, expectations and adherence","volume":"14","author":"Clyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert, K., Lightfoot, C.J., Jegatheesan, D.K., Gabrys, I., and Bennett, P.N. (2022). Physical activity and exercise recommendations for people receiving dialysis: A scoping review. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267290"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0140-3","article-title":"Anabolic exercise in haemodialysis patients: A randomised controlled pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Kirkman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1017733","article-title":"The BASES expert statement on exercise therapy for people with chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Koufaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1159\/000355797","article-title":"Fitness for entering a simple exercise program and mortality: A study corollary to the exercise introduction to enhance performance in dialysis (EXCITE) trial","volume":"39","author":"Baggetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baggetta, R., D\u2019Arrigo, G., Torino, C., ElHafeez, S.A., Manfredini, F., Mallamaci, F., Zoccali, C., Tripepi, G., and EXCITE Working group (2018). Effect of a home based, low intensity, physical exercise program in older adults dialysis patients: A secondary analysis of the EXCITE trial. BMC Geriatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0938-5"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016030378","article-title":"Exercise in Patients on Dialysis: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"28","author":"Manfredini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac147","article-title":"The legacy effect of a home walking exercise programme in kidney failure patients on dialysis","volume":"37","author":"Manfredini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, L.A., March, D.S., Wilkinson, T.J., Billany, R.E., Bishop, N.C., Castle, E.M., Chilcot, J., Davies, M.D., Graham-Brown, M.P.M., and Greenwood, S.A. (2022). Clinical practice guideline exercise and lifestyle in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02618-1"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.13162","article-title":"Combined aerobic and resistance exercise in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, J., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Qu, Z., Sun, X., Song, Y., and Zhang, H. (2024). Application of exercise therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease-induced muscle atrophy: A scoping review. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00876-8"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad102","article-title":"Home-based exercise in patients on maintenance dialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"38","author":"Battaglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12730","article-title":"Dietary protein and nutritional supplements in conventional hemodialysis","volume":"31","author":"Sabatino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.04.027","article-title":"The effects of amino acid\/protein supplementation in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"44","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori, K. (2021). Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle to Counteract Sarcopenia in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Especially Those Undergoing Hemodialysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051538"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12218","article-title":"Vitamin D, a modulator of musculoskeletal health in chronic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Molina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs138","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of cholecalciferol supplementation in chronic kidney disease patients with hypovitaminosis D","volume":"27","author":"Marckmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02840312","article-title":"Effects of cholecalciferol on functional, biochemical, vascular, and quality of life outcomes in hemodialysis patients","volume":"8","author":"Hewitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2007.06.001","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D and muscle size and strength in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1159\/000506986","article-title":"Association Between Vitamin D Level and Muscle Strength in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis","volume":"45","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.L., Chen, S.Y., Lai, Y.H., Wang, C.H., Kuo, C.H., Liou, H.H., and Hsu, B.G. (2019). Angiotensin II receptor blockade is associated with preserved muscle strength in chronic hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1223-3"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1159\/000539489","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Physical Exercise in Kidney Patients: Unveiling New Players\u2014The Role of Myokines","volume":"49","author":"Picciotto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2021.09.006","article-title":"Myostatin: Basic biology to clinical application","volume":"106","author":"Esposito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, P., Battaglia, Y., La Porta, E., Grignano, M.A., Caramella, E., Avella, A., Peressini, S., Sessa, N., Albertini, R., and Di Natali, G. (2019). Significance of serum Myostatin in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1647-9"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, P., La Porta, E., Calatroni, M., Grignano, M.A., Milanesi, S., Verzola, D., Battaglia, Y., Gregorini, M., Libetta, C., and Garibotto, G. (2017). Modulation of Myostatin\/Hepatocyte Growth Factor Balance by Different Hemodialysis Modalities. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7635459"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa129","article-title":"Myostatin and muscle atrophy during chronic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Bataille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008306301255","article-title":"Nandrolone decanoate is a good alternative for the treatment of anemia in elderly male patients on hemodialysis","volume":"9","author":"Gascon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nephrol. Urol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c125","DOI":"10.1159\/000103000","article-title":"Nandrolone decanoate as anabolic therapy in chronic kidney disease: A randomized phase II dose-finding study","volume":"106","author":"Macdonald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noce, A., Marrone, G., Ottaviani, E., Guerriero, C., Di Daniele, F., Pietroboni Zaitseva, A., and Di Daniele, N. (2021). Uremic Sarcopenia and Its Possible Nutritional Approach. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010147"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/3\/449\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:46:45Z","timestamp":1760028405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/3\/449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":213,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61030449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61030449","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}}}