{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:18:57Z","timestamp":1789474737994,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babe\u0219 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The main objectives of our study were to assess sexual dimorphism and to compare the facial height, as well as the anteroposterior width of the upper airway, within adult Caucasians diagnosed with skeletal Class I and skeletal Class III malocclusion, based on a number of angular and linear cephalometric parameters. Materials and Methods: One hundred lateral cephalograms were selected from orthodontic adult Caucasian patients from western Romania. Several angular parameters (SNA, SNB, ANB, FMA, Y\u2013FH, Ba\u2013S\u2013PNS and NL\u2013ML angles) and linear parameters (total, upper and lower anterior facial height\u2014TAFH, UAFH, LAFH; total posterior facial height\u2014TPFH) were analysed for each case. The upper airway width parameters included the width of the nasopharynx, as well as the upper, middle and lower pharyngeal airway width (UPAW, MPAW and LPAW). Results: Distinct sexual dimorphism was observed regarding the vertical cephalometric parameters within both Class I and Class III groups, with males exhibiting significantly larger facial height parameters, while females demonstrated larger nasopharyngeal depth angles (Ba\u2013S\u2013PNS). The Y\u2013FH angle had significantly higher values in Class I than in Class III subjects, regardless of sex. Upper airway dimensions showed sexual dimorphism specifically in Class III subjects, with females exhibiting larger UPAW values than males. The inter-class comparisons showed larger values for LPAW, especially in females. Correlation analyses revealed no statistically significant relationships between the vertical and the upper airway parameters in Class I subjects. UPAW showed a tendency to decrease in Class III subjects as TAFH and LAFH increased. Ba\u2013S\u2013PNS showed consistent negative correlations with the vertical dimensions in both groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that skeletal Class I and Class III malocclusions exhibit not only different sagittal relationships, but also distinctive, sex-related vertical skeletal patterns within each group, and therefore it would be advised that male and female patients should be diagnosed and treated according to separate protocols. In our population, Class III males are more likely to require orthognathic surgery, in addition to orthodontic treatment, with a more reserved prognosis and they might have a higher risk of OSA or other respiratory disorders in comparison with Class III females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1741255157000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Upper Airway Width and Facial Height Cephalometric Parameters in Adult Caucasians with Skeletal Class I and Class III Malocclusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5537-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Popa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics II, Orthodontic Research Centre, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2401-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana-Cristina","family":"Bratu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics II, Orthodontic Research Centre, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4730-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin Gheorghe","family":"Mihali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, 94 Revolutiei Blvd., 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6980-796X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Izabella","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4170-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Drago\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 9 Revolutiei 1989 Blvd., 300070 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remus-Christian","family":"Bratu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9630-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Tudor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences\u2014Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Research Centre in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6835-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Jiv\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Digital and Advanced Technique for Endodontic, Restorative and Prosthetic Treatment (TADERP) Research Centre, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.2319\/101714-743.1","article-title":"Impact of Malocclusion on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Young Adults","volume":"85","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"ZC05","article-title":"Quality of Life Before and After Orthodontic Treatment in Adult Patients with Malocclusion: A Quasi-Experimental Study","volume":"16","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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