{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:42:52Z","timestamp":1787312572142,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current therapies for Graves\u2019 disease (GD) primarily aim to manage hyperthyroidism through synthetic antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery. However, these approaches are often limited by their incomplete efficacy and the risk of inducing hypothyroidism. The latest advances in understanding the autoimmune mechanisms driving GD have paved the way for novel therapies targeting the thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R) or immune pathways. Overall, key targets include cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20), cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), B cell-activating factor (BAFF), and the Fc receptor-like protein 3 (FcRL3). Recent preclinical studies and clinical trials testing targeted therapies have shown promising results in terms of efficacy and safety. Here, we present a narrative review of the literature on emerging therapeutic approaches for GD that are currently under investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:16:45Z","timestamp":1741861005000},"page":"500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Graves\u2019 Disease: Is It Time for Targeted Therapy? A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Viola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, University Hospital of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8160-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Colleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Casula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, University Hospital of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5925-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9924-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Boi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-4040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Lanzolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114768","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating antibody activity between different immunoglobulin G subclasses","volume":"86","author":"Weetman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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