{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:43:20Z","timestamp":1784735000758,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis, the most common bone disorder, profoundly impacts women\u2019s health, especially during postmenopausal phases. Characterised by diminished bone mineral density (BMD), it increases the risk of fractures, affecting mobility, quality of life, and potentially mortality. The present review analyses the intricate interactions among physiological alterations, diseases, and medications that lead to bone mineral density reduction in women. It underscores the importance of gynaecologists in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis via early risk assessment, suitable hormone treatment, and lifestyle modifications. Essential considerations encompass the categorisation of osteoporosis into primary (age-related) and secondary (attributable to diseases or pharmacological treatments) types, with particular emphasis on predisposing conditions such as premature menopause, hormone deficits, and cancer therapies. The significance of diagnostic instruments such as DXA and novel methodologies like trabecular bone score and quantitative ultrasonography is emphasised for precise evaluation and surveillance. The review also addresses nutritional methods, physical exercise, and pharmaceutical interventions, including hormone replacement therapy (HRT), selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and other anti-resorptive drugs, to preserve bone health. This review highlights the important role of gynaecologists in maintaining women\u2019s bone health, promoting a proactive strategy to avert osteoporosis-related complications and enhance long-term results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T04:34:43Z","timestamp":1742272483000},"page":"530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bone Health for Gynaecologists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7719-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Yordanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University-Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6180-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariela","family":"Vasileva-Slaveva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Medica University Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u201cDr Shterev\u201d, 1330 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Tsoneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u201cDr Shterev\u201d, 1330 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5279-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stoyan","family":"Kostov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Medica University Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Hospital \u201cSaint Anna\u201d, Medical University\u2014\u201cProf. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov\u201d, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesselina","family":"Yanachkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Medica University Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u201cDr Shterev\u201d, 1330 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100202","article-title":"How many women have osteoporosis now?","volume":"10","author":"Melton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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