{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:22Z","timestamp":1787028922351,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCMF-CP 112-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-CP 112-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a severe manifestation of atherosclerosis that disproportionately affects patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3\u20135, resulting in a higher prevalence in this group. Currently, it is challenging to detect early PAD in this patient population. This study investigated the association between serum endocan levels and PAD based on the ankle\u2013brachial index (ABI) in non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 3\u20135. Materials and Methods: Specimens of blood and baseline demographic characteristics were gathered from a total of 164 patients presenting with stages 3\u20135 CKD, who were not receiving dialysis. We used a commercially available oscillometric technique to ascertain ABI values for our participants, and used a common and well-established threshold for defining low ABI, known to be associated with PAD: ABI values &lt; 0.9. Endocan levels in patients\u2019 serum samples were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: A total of 24 out of 164 people (14.6%) showed lower-than-normal ABIs. Compared to the group with normal ABIs, the individuals with low ABIs had more of the following conditions: diabetes mellitus (DM, p = 0.030), urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (p = 0.031), serum C-reactive protein concentrations (p = 0.037), and serum endocan levels (p &lt; 0.001). After adjusting for variables significantly correlated with PAD by multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.097, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.038\u20131.159, p = 0.001), DM (OR: 3.437, 95% CI: 1.053\u201311.225, p = 0.041), and serum endocan concentration (OR: 1.098, 95% CI: 1.042\u20131.157, p = 0.001) were identified as independent predictors of PAD in patients with CKD stages 3\u20135. Conclusions: Elevated serum endocan levels were found to be independent correlates of PAD in non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 3 through 5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61040577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T13:48:20Z","timestamp":1742824100000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum Endocan Levels as a Risk Factor for Peripheral Artery Disease in Non-Dialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3\u20135"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Kai-Jen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Teng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahn-Bor","family":"Chern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan\u2019s General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80249, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4827-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9405-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Pi","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9364-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bang-Gee","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"624","article-title":"Outcomes of lower extremity peripheral arterial interventions in patients with and without chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease","volume":"64","author":"Adedokun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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