{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:22:53Z","timestamp":1788495773635,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes represent major global health concerns, with obesity being a key risk factor. However, recent evidence suggests that the adipose tissue composition and distribution play a more critical role in metabolic dysfunction than the total body weight or body mass index (BMI). This study evaluates the predictive capacity of the C\u00f3rdoba Equation for Estimating Body Fat (ECORE-BF) for identifying individuals at high risk of developing T2D and prediabetes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 418,343 Spanish workers. Body fat percentage was estimated using the ECORE-BF equation, and diabetes risk was assessed using validated predictive models, including the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC), QDiabetes score (QD-score), and others. The discriminatory power of ECORE-BF in predicting T2D and prediabetes was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: ECORE-BF showed a strong correlation with high-risk classifications across all diabetes risk scales. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) exceeded 0.95 for both men and women, demonstrating high predictive accuracy. Conclusions: Adipose tissue distribution, particularly visceral adiposity, is a central factor in metabolic dysfunction. ECORE-BF provides a cost-effective alternative for large-scale T2D and prediabetes risk assessment. Future research should explore the impact of visceral adipose tissue reduction on diabetes prevention and the integration of estimation scales into clinical and public health strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61040613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T06:45:51Z","timestamp":1743144351000},"page":"613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Usefulness of the C\u00f3rdoba Equation for Estimating Body Fat When Determining the Level of Risk of Developing Diabetes Type 2 or Prediabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4306-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Marina Arroyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8693-1479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Ram\u00edrez Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4323-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e1n","family":"Paublini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7439-8117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel Arturo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, ADEMA University School, 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, 07004 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Health Service of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5222-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J.","family":"T\u00e1rraga L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla la Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2828-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Martorell S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, ADEMA University School, 07010 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Sastre-Alzamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, ADEMA University School, 07010 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6887-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Manent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, 07004 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Health Service of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arroyave, F., Monta\u00f1o, D., and Lizcano, F. (2020). Diabetes Mellitus Is a Chronic Disease that Can Benefit from Therapy with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228685"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"520","article-title":"Chronic complications of diabetes and quality of life","volume":"61","author":"Bijuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0355-7","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Different pathways to failure","volume":"16","author":"Eizirik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K.B., Ostolaza, H., and Mart\u00edn, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13679","article-title":"Diversity of pathophysiology in type\u20092 diabetes shown by islet pathology","volume":"13","author":"Mizukami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruze, R., Liu, T., Zou, X., Song, J., Chen, Y., Xu, R., Yin, X., and Xu, Q. (2023). Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161521"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Murro, E., Di Giuseppe, G., Soldovieri, L., Moffa, S., Improta, I., Capece, U., Nista, E.C., Cinti, F., Ciccarelli, G., and Brunetti, M. (2023). Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes: In Search of a Personalized Approach to Improving \u03b2-Cell Function. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194202"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13970","article-title":"Progress in genetics of type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications","volume":"14","author":"Shojima","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, K., Ge, X., Sun, R., and Zhai, X. (2023). Early detection of type 2 diabetes risk: Limitations of current diagnostic criteria. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1260623"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majety, P., Lozada Orquera, F.A., Edem, D., and Hamdy, O. (2023). Pharmacological approaches to the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1118848"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes-Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 402, 203\u2013234."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.013","article-title":"An Update on the Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective","volume":"50","author":"Tinajero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109049","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: The prevalence of pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy\u2014A systematic reviewand meta-analysis of studies published during 2010\u20132020","volume":"183","author":"Chivese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-022-02122-y","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus\u2013Definition, Klassifikation, Diagnose, Screening und Pr\u00e4vention (Update 2023)","volume":"135","author":"Harreiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109118","article-title":"IDF diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021","volume":"183","author":"Ogurtsova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"99","article-title":"Influence of sociodemographic variables and healthy habits on the values of type 2 diabetes risk scales","volume":"39","author":"Paublini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-020-01369-x","article-title":"Diabetes Complications in Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the USA","volume":"21","author":"Haw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04056","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04056","article-title":"Self-care behaviours among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Paudel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2020.01.003","article-title":"Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Middle-East: Systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zareban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"85","article-title":"Prevalence of prediabetes among first degree relatives of type 2 diabetes individuals in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria","volume":"38","author":"Ikechi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111335","article-title":"Aging, obese-insulin resistance, and bone remodeling","volume":"191","author":"Imerb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, T.E., and Wong, T.Y. (2023). Diabetic retinopathy: Looking forward to 2030. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1077669"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2021016","article-title":"Epigenetics in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"95","article-title":"Tendencias en la hospitalizaci\u00f3n de complicaciones neurol\u00f3gicas de diabetes mellitus en el \u00e1rea de Palencia en el periodo 1993\u20132017","volume":"38","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01494-9","article-title":"Prognostic significance of metabolomic biomarkers in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease","volume":"21","author":"Karagiannidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1732","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011555","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus, Glycemic Traits, and Cerebrovascular Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"96","author":"Georgakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e241545","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.1545","article-title":"Liraglutide for Lower Limb Perfusion in People With Type 2 Diabetes and Peripheral Artery Disease: The STARDUST Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Caruso","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poznyak, A., Grechko, A.V., Poggio, P., Myasoedova, V.A., Alfieri, V., and Orekhov, A.N. (2020). The Diabetes Mellitus-Atherosclerosis Connection: The Role of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism and Chronic Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051835"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01516-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Progress toward personalized management","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"92","article-title":"Influence of tobacco consumption on the values of different cardiometabolic risk scales in 418,343 spanish workers","volume":"39","author":"Paublini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"141","article-title":"Relationship between heart age and cardiometabolic risk scales in 139634 Spanish workers","volume":"39","author":"Paublini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"500","article-title":"Screening for diabetes risk using the diabetes risk test and point-of-care hemoglobin A1C values in adults seen in a dental clinic","volume":"54","author":"Zelig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchie, S.C., Taylor, H.J., Liang, Y., Manikpurage, H.D., Pennells, L., Foguet, C., Abraham, G., Gibson, J.T., Jiang, X., and Liu, Y. (2024). Integrated clinical risk prediction of type 2 diabetes with a multifactorial polygenic risk score. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.22.24312440"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190021997010","article-title":"Evaluation of the Use of a Diabetes Risk Test to Identify Prediabetes in an Employee Wellness Screening","volume":"35","author":"Ward","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.10.019","article-title":"The utility of diabetes risk score items as predictors of incident type 2 diabetes in Asian populations: An evidence-based review","volume":"122","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2024.100677","article-title":"Risk prediction for health outcomes in type 2 diabetes: Utility of a polysocial risk score?","volume":"6","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"89","article-title":"Estimaci\u00f3n del nivel de riesgo cardiometabolico relacionado con obesidad en trabajadores sanitarios espa\u00f1oles","volume":"38","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, U.K., Mathur, N., Sahlot, R., Tiwari, P., Sharma, B., Saxena, A., Jainaw, R.K., Agarwal, L., Gupta, S., and Mathur, S.K. (2023). Abdominal fat depots and their association with insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295492"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3751","article-title":"Semaglutide (GLP-1 receptor agonist) stimulates browning on subcutaneous fat adipocytes and mitigates inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in visceral fat adipocytes of obese mice","volume":"40","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e19348","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting: A User-Friendly Method for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoramipour, K., Chamari, K., Hekmatikar, A.A., Ziyaiyan, A., Taherkhani, S., Elguindy, N.M., and Bragazzi, N.L. (2021). Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041180"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-35998-z","article-title":"Circular RNA circGlis3 protects against islet \u03b2-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in obesity","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14122","article-title":"Behaviour change, weight loss and remission of Type 2 diabetes: A community-based prospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Day","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06756-4","article-title":"Quasi-experimental evaluation of a nationwide diabetes prevention programme","volume":"624","author":"Lemp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"59","article-title":"Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiometab\u00f3lico. Comparativa sector Comercio vs. Industria y variables asociadas","volume":"39","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 47, S20\u2013S42.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"31","article-title":"Equation C\u00f3rdoba body fat values according to sociodemographic variables and healthy habits in 386924 Spanish workers","volume":"39","author":"Vallejos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1334","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of a new equation for estimating body fat","volume":"35","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"524","article-title":"Diabetes Risk Assessment and Awareness in a University Academics and Employees","volume":"55","author":"Yildiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Bull. Sisli Etfal Hosp."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"j5019","article-title":"Development and validation of QDiabetes-2018 risk prediction algorithm to estimate future risk of type 2 diabetes: Cohort study","volume":"359","author":"Coupland","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2021.06.006","article-title":"Implementation of the CANRISK Tool: A Qualitative Exploration Among Allied Health Professionals in Canada","volume":"46","author":"Bird","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1474651410366553","article-title":"TRAQ-D (Trinidad Risk Assessment Questionnaire for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus): A cheap, reliable, non-invasive screening tool for diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Latcham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Diabetes Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13445","article-title":"Simple risk score to screen for prediabetes: A cross-sectional study from the Qatar Biobank cohort","volume":"12","author":"Abbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"132","article-title":"Relationship between alcohol consumption and other variables with the values of different cardiovascular risk factors in 139634 Spanish workers","volume":"39","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran, P., and Weiskirchen, R. (2024). The Role of Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031882"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-090419-102644","article-title":"Prediabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence","volume":"42","author":"Selvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09796-3","article-title":"Relevance of body composition in phenotyping the obesities","volume":"24","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Li, D., and Vermund, S.H. (2024). Advantages and Limitations of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to Assess Adult Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21060757"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, C., Chan, K.E., Ng, C.H., Tseng, M., Syn, N., Tang, A.S.P., Chin, Y.H., Lim, W.H., Tan, D.J.H., and Chew, N. (2022). DEXA Scan Body Fat Mass Distribution in Obese and Non-Obese Individuals and Risk of NAFLD-Analysis of 10,865 Individuals. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206205"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Zhang, B., Fan, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Li, C., Zhang, L., Guo, P., and Zhang, M. (2023). Comparison of bioelectrical body and visceral fat indices and anthropometric measures in relation to type 2 diabetes by sex among Chinese adults, a cross-sectional study. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1001397"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2021.21845","article-title":"Proton density fat fraction: Magnetic resonance imaging applications beyond the liver","volume":"28","author":"Idilman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marina Arroyo, M., Ram\u00edrez Gallegos, I., L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez, \u00c1.A., Vicente-Herrero, M.T., Vallejos, D., Sastre-Alzamora, T., and Manent, J.I.R. (2024). Usefulness of the ECORE-BF Scale to Determine Atherogenic Risk in 386,924 Spanish Workers. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152434"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2020.0008","article-title":"Associations of Visceral, Subcutaneous, Epicardial, and Liver Fat with Metabolic Disorders up to 14 Years After Weight Loss Surgery","volume":"19","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bensussen, A., Torres-Magallanes, J.A., and Roces de \u00c1lvarez-Buylla, E. (2023). Molecular tracking of insulin resistance and inflammation development on visceral adipose tissue. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1014778"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolb, H. (2022). Obese visceral fat tissue inflammation: From protective to detrimental?. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02672-y"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0315","article-title":"Fat Distribution Patterns and Future Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"71","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arag\u00f3n-Herrera, A., Mora\u00f1a-Fern\u00e1ndez, S., Otero-Santiago, M., Anido-Varela, L., Campos-Toimil, M., Garc\u00eda-Seara, J., Rom\u00e1n, A., Seijas, J., Garc\u00eda-Caballero, L., and Rodr\u00edguez, J. (2023). The lipidomic and inflammatory profiles of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues are distinctly regulated by the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biomed. Pharmacother., 161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114535"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2022.03.001","article-title":"Biomarkers of dysfunctional visceral fat","volume":"109","author":"Gugliucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01964-3","article-title":"Ectopic and visceral fat deposition in aging, obesity, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: An interconnected role","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23381","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral fat assessment by DXA and MRI in older adults and children","volume":"30","author":"Maskarinec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornero-Aguilera, J.F., Villegas-Mora, B.E., and Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J. (2022). Differences in Body Composition Analysis by DEXA, Skinfold and BIA Methods in Young Football Players. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111643"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110775","article-title":"Magnetic resonance study of visceral, subcutaneous, liver and pancreas fat changes after 12 weeks intermittent fasting in obese participants with prediabetes","volume":"202","author":"Dokpuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003412","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2023-003412","article-title":"Anthropometric and DXA-derived measures of body composition in relation to pre-diabetes among adults","volume":"11","author":"Mohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28360","article-title":"Reproducibility and repeatability of MRI-based body composition analysis","volume":"84","author":"Borga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15377","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction and visceral fat are associated with hepatic insulin resistance and severity of NASH even in lean individuals","volume":"42","author":"Saponaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"e0977","article-title":"Prevalencia de diabesidad en poblaci\u00f3n laboral espa\u00f1ola: Influencia de variables sociodemogr\u00e1ficas y consumo de tabaco","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Sist. Sanit. Navar."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina-Luque, R., Ya\u00f1ez, A.M., Bennasar-Veny, M., Romero-Salda\u00f1a, M., Molina-Recio, G., and L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez, \u00c1.A. (2020). A Comparison of Equation C\u00f3rdoba for Estimation of Body Fat (ECORE-BF) with Other Prediction Equations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217940"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okawa, Y., Mitsuhashi, T., and Tsuda, T. (2025). The Asia-Pacific Body Mass Index Classification and New-Onset Chronic Kidney Disease in Non-Diabetic Japanese Adults: A Community-Based Longitudinal Study from 1998 to 2023. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020373"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/4\/613\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:03:41Z","timestamp":1760029421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/4\/613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61040613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61040613","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}}}