{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:57:43Z","timestamp":1793141863041,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an uncommon but significant cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), predominantly affecting younger women without traditional cardiovascular risk factors. SCAD is defined as a non-atherosclerotic, non-traumatic dissection of the coronary artery, leading to the formation of an intramural haematoma or intimal tear causing obstruction to blood flow and myocardial ischaemia. Unlike traditional atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, SCAD has unique pathophysiological mechanisms. SCAD is thought to arise secondary to a bleed and\/or dissection within the arterial wall, linked to hormonal influences with potential triggers of physical or emotional stress and predisposition such as an underlying connective tissue disorder. Despite being increasingly recognised, SCAD remains underdiagnosed, and knowledge regarding SCAD epidemiology is limited. In addition, the impact of SCAD extends beyond the immediate cardiac event, encompassing psychological distress, the need for rehabilitation, and long-term surveillance. This has implications not just for the patient but also their family and the healthcare system. This narrative review summarises the current knowledge of SCAD epidemiology, including the affected population, its associated risk factors, and healthcare impact. By identifying current gaps in knowledge, this review aims to encourage targeted research, public awareness, and policy initiatives to improve outcomes for individuals affected by SCAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61040650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T07:47:44Z","timestamp":1743580064000},"page":"650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Narrative Review of Epidemiology and Public Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Pender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mithila","family":"Zaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0309-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan M.","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viet","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Hollings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia"},{"name":"The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia"},{"name":"The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6289-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e523","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000564","article-title":"Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Current State of the Science: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"137","author":"Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24236","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.24236","article-title":"Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD): A contemporary review","volume":"47","author":"Offen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. 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