{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T05:22:28Z","timestamp":1771651348158,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Elevated von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels have been reported in malaria, but their relationship with disease severity remains unclear. This study aimed to compare vWF levels between Plasmodium-infected and uninfected individuals and assess changes in severe infections. Materials and Methods: The systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024558479). A comprehensive search across six databases identified studies reporting vWF levels in malaria. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, with standardized mean difference (SMD) as the effect measure due to varying measurement units. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results: Of 1647 identified records, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed significantly higher vWF levels in Plasmodium-infected individuals compared to uninfected controls (p &lt; 0.001, SMD: 2.689 [95% CI 1.362; 4.017], I2: 98.1%, 12 studies, 3109 participants). However, no significant difference was found between severe and less severe cases (p = 0.051, SMD: 3.551 [95% CI \u22120.007; 7.109], I2: 99.3%, 8 studies, 1453 participants). Conclusions: vWF levels are significantly elevated in individuals with Plasmodium infections, indicating a potential role in malaria pathophysiology. Although levels tend to be higher in severe cases, current evidence is insufficient to support vWF as a reliable marker for disease severity. Further prospective and well-controlled studies are needed to validate its diagnostic and prognostic value in malaria management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61040767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T20:42:00Z","timestamp":1745268120000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Alterations in von Willebrand Factor Levels in Patients with Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Disease Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suriyan","family":"Sukati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3287-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rujikorn","family":"Rattanatham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick Ramirez","family":"Masangkay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2587-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Ping","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9172-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manas","family":"Kotepui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000112","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"159","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Army Med. Corps"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025452","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025452","article-title":"Biology of malaria transmission","volume":"7","author":"Meibalan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025486","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025486","article-title":"Malaria parasite liver infection and exoerythrocytic biology","volume":"7","author":"Vaughan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00016-8","article-title":"The 2023 WHO World malaria report","volume":"5","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2012026","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2012.026","article-title":"Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria","volume":"4","author":"Bartoloni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12216","article-title":"Severe malaria is associated with parasite binding to endothelial protein C receptor","volume":"498","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bush, M.A., Anstey, N.M., Yeo, T.W., Florence, S.M., Granger, D.L., Mwaikambo, E.D., and Weinberg, J.B. (2021). Vascular dysfunction in malaria: Understanding the role of the endothelial glycocalyx. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.751251"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukati, S., Wannatung, T., Duangchan, T., Kotepui, K.U., Masangkay, F.R., Tseng, C.P., and Kotepui, M. (2024). Alteration of prothrombin time in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections with different levels of severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60170-y"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680701451516","article-title":"Blood coagulation, inflammation, and malaria","volume":"15","author":"Francischetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0211-3","article-title":"The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria","volume":"67","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duangchan, T., Kotepui, M., Sukati, S., Rattanapan, Y., and Wangdi, K. (2023). A Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion estimates of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in malaria. Trop. Med. Infect Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8060289"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e32834cb35d","article-title":"Structure and function of von Willebrand factor","volume":"23","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00260.x","article-title":"Von Willebrand factor, platelets and endothelial cell interactions","volume":"1","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28596","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.131227","article-title":"Factor VIII and platelets synergistically accelerate cleavage of von Willebrand factor by ADAMTS13 under fluid shear stress","volume":"285","author":"Skipwith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2007.01643.x","article-title":"von Willebrand disease (VWD): Evidence-based diagnosis and management guidelines, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Expert Panel report (USA)","volume":"14","author":"Nichols","year":"2008","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14976","article-title":"Von Willebrand factor and cancer; metastasis and coagulopathies","volume":"18","author":"Patmore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13696","article-title":"von Willebrand factor and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Kawecki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okhota, S., Melnikov, I., Avtaeva, Y., Kozlov, S., and Gabbasov, Z. (2020). Shear stress-induced activation of von Willebrand Factor and cardiovascular pathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207804"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003135","article-title":"Plasma levels of von Willebrand factor and future risk of incident venous thromboembolism","volume":"5","author":"Edvardsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larkin, D., de Laat, B., Jenkins, P.V., Bunn, J., Craig, A.G., Terraube, V., Preston, R.J., Donkor, C., Grau, G.E., and van Mourik, J.A. (2009). Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with circulating ultra-large von Willebrand multimers and ADAMTS13 inhibition. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000349"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-021-09337-7","article-title":"Uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: Mapping the proteome from circulating platelets","volume":"19","author":"Segura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1106-z","article-title":"Endothelial activation, haemostasis and thrombosis biomarkers in Ugandan children with severe malaria participating in a clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06067.x","article-title":"von Willebrand factor propeptide in malaria: Evidence of acute endothelial cell activation","volume":"133","author":"Hollestelle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO (2023). WHO Guidelines for Malaria, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotepui, K.U., Masangkay, F.R., Wangdi, K., Mahittikorn, A., Majima, H.J., and Kotepui, M. (2024). A systematic review and meta-analysis of cortisol levels in Plasmodium infections. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68596-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotepui, K.U., Mahittikorn, A., Wilairatana, P., Masangkay, F.R., and Kotepui, M. (2023). Association between Plasmodium infection and nitric oxide levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12101868"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.015","article-title":"Identifying the PECO: A framework for formulating good questions to explore the association of environmental and other exposures with health outcomes","volume":"121","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuraeiad, S., Kotepui, K.U., Mahittikorn, A., Masangkay, F.R., Wilairatana, P., Suwannatrai, A.T., Thinkhamrop, K., Wangdi, K., and Kotepui, M. (2024). Albumin levels in malaria patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of their association with disease severity. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60644-z"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"217","article-title":"Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk","volume":"5","author":"Moola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Joanna Briggs Inst. Rev. Man."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited","volume":"45","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.7.3.269","article-title":"Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sutton, A., Abrams, K., Jones, D., Sheldon, T., and Song, F. (2000). Methods for Meta-analysis in Medical Research, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development for R, RStudio."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad074","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad074","article-title":"Absence of malaria-associated coagulopathy in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection: Results from a cross-sectional study in the Ashanti region, Ghana","volume":"10","author":"Rolling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, B.E., William, T., Grigg, M.J., Parameswaran, U., Piera, K.A., Price, R.N., Yeo, T.W., and Anstey, N.M. (2015). Parasite biomass-related inflammation, endothelial activation, microvascular dysfunction and disease severity in vivax malaria. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004558"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.08.005","article-title":"Is asymptomatic malaria really asymptomatic? Hematological, vascular and inflammatory effects of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia","volume":"71","author":"Brouwers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-020-01390-w","article-title":"Effect of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia on platelets thrombogenicity in blood donors","volume":"37","author":"Aninagyei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus. Off. J. Indian Soc. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmann, J., Burt\u00e9, F., Pramana, S., Conte, I., Brown, B.J., Orimadegun, A.E., Ajetunmobi, W.A., Afolabi, N.K., Akinkunmi, F., and Omokhodion, S. (2014). Affinity proteomics reveals elevated muscle proteins in plasma of children with cerebral malaria. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004038"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0105-2","article-title":"Intravascular haemolysis in severe Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: Association with endothelial activation, microvascular dysfunction, and acute kidney injury","volume":"7","author":"Barber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.492","article-title":"ADAMTS13 deficiency with elevated levels of ultra-large and active von Willebrand factor in P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria","volume":"80","author":"Groot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos-Santos, J.C.K., Silva-Filho, J.L., Judice, C.C., Kayano, A.C.A.V., Aliberti, J., Khouri, R., de Lima, D.S., Nakaya, H., Lacerda, M.V.G., and De Paula, E.V. (2020). Platelet disturbances correlate with endothelial cell activation in uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007656"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14006","article-title":"Impact of HIV infection on the haemostatic response during sepsis and malaria","volume":"173","author":"Huson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0635","article-title":"Distinct biomarker profiles distinguish Malawian children with malarial and non-malarial sepsis","volume":"101","author":"Kortz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"562","article-title":"Severe malaria is associated with a deficiency of von Willebrand factor cleaving protease, ADAMTS13","volume":"7","author":"Lowenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"123","article-title":"Markers of vascular endothelial cell damage and P. falciparum malaria: Association between levels of both sE-selectin and thrombomodulin, and cytokines, hemoglobin and clinical presentation","volume":"19","author":"Maya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1160\/TH15-10-0796","article-title":"Marked elevation in plasma osteoprotegerin constitutes an early and consistent feature of cerebral malaria","volume":"115","author":"Moxon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otterdal, K., Berg, A., Michelsen, A.E., Patel, S., Gregersen, I., Sagen, E.L., Halvorsen, B., Yndestad, A., Ueland, T., and Langeland, N. (2020). Plasma levels of interleukin 27 in falciparum malaria is increased independently of co-infection with HIV: Potential immune-regulatory role during malaria. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4783-8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e734","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004469","article-title":"Endothelial activation, acute kidney injury, and cognitive impairment in pediatric severe malaria","volume":"48","author":"Ouma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pis010","article-title":"Evidence of endothelial activation in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and effect of blood group on levels of von Willebrand factor in malaria","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"106","article-title":"Elevated plasma von Willebrand factor and propeptide levels in Malawian children with malaria","volume":"85","author":"Phiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2576-y","article-title":"Levels of human proteins in plasma associated with acute paediatric malaria","volume":"17","author":"Reutersward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71351","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71351","article-title":"Total parasite biomass but not peripheral parasitaemia is associated with endothelial and haematological perturbations in Plasmodium vivax patients","volume":"10","author":"Judice","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"42","article-title":"Influence of age category and malaria type on some haematological, vWF, ADAMTS13, L-arg, D2D, FBG, FVIII and coagulatory parameters of malaria infected paediatric subjects in Rivers State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Akwuebu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Rep. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conroy, A.L., Phiri, H., Hawkes, M., Glover, S., Mallewa, M., Seydel, K.B., Taylor, T.E., Molyneux, M.E., and Kain, K.C. (2010). Endothelium-based biomarkers are associated with cerebral malaria in Malawian children: A retrospective case-control study. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015291"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdman, L.K., Aggrey, D., Musoke, C., Conroy, A.L., Hawkes, M., Higgins, S., Rajwans, N., Wolofsky, K.T., Streiner, D.L., and Liles, W.C. (2011). Combinations of host biomarkers predict mortality among Ugandan children with severe malaria: A retrospective case-control study. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017440"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23135","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.671065","article-title":"Phagosomal acidification prevents macrophage inflammatory cytokine production to malaria, and dendritic cells are the major source at the early stages of infection: Implication for malaria protective immunity development","volume":"290","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunst, J., Kamena, F., and Matuschewski, K. (2017). Cytokines and chemokines in cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00324"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2171","article-title":"Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Pober","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Systemic endothelial activation occurs in both mild and severe malaria. Correlating dermal microvascular endothelial cell phenotype and soluble cell adhesion molecules with disease severity","volume":"152","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-218","article-title":"Effect of malarial infection on haematological parameters in population near Thailand-Myanmar border","volume":"13","author":"Kotepui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahittikorn, A., Masangkay, F.R., Kotepui, K.U., Mala, W., Milanez, G.J., Wilairatana, P., and Kotepui, M. (2021). Alteration of platelet count in patients with severe non-Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121275"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1086\/519844","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia and release of activated von Willebrand factor during early Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"196","author":"Groot","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0107","article-title":"Effects of inflammatory cytokines on the release and cleavage of the endothelial cell-derived ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers under flow","volume":"104","author":"Bernardo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04131-8","article-title":"Plasmodium knowlesi: The game changer for malaria eradication","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Menkin-Smith, L., and Winders, W.T. (2024). Plasmodium vivax malaria [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24059","article-title":"The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa since 1900","volume":"550","author":"Snow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00727-x","article-title":"Prevalence of severe Plasmodium knowlesi infection and risk factors related to severe complications compared with non-severe P. knowlesi and severe P. falciparum malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Kotepui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33796-7","article-title":"Willebrand factor links primary hemostasis to innate immunity","volume":"13","author":"Drakeford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-021-00769-x","article-title":"High levels of von Willebrand factor markers in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Rostami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.06.051","article-title":"Endotheliopathy marked by high von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen in COVID-19 is associated with poor outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Wibowo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2021.104224","article-title":"Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Nugraha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, M., Wang, X., Peng, X., Feng, S., Zhao, J., Liao, L., Zhang, Y., Hou, Y., and Liu, J. (2020). Prognostic value of plasma von Willebrand factor levels in major adverse cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01375-7"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3193","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3193","article-title":"Plasma levels of von Willebrand factor in type 2 diabetes patients with and without cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11269","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011269","article-title":"Prognostic value of von Willebrand factor in patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/4\/767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:18:50Z","timestamp":1760030330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/4\/767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61040767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61040767","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]}}}