{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:56:02Z","timestamp":1782896162532,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a frequent and severe complication following cardiac surgery, particularly in high-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and aortic valve replacement (AVR). Despite extensive research, predicting POD remains challenging due to the multifactorial and often non-linear nature of its risk factors. This study aimed to improve POD prediction using an interpretable machine learning approach and to explore the combined effects of clinical, biochemical, and perioperative variables. Materials and Methods: This study included 131 patients who underwent CABG or AVR. POD occurrence was assessed using standard diagnostic criteria. Clinical, biochemical, and perioperative variables were collected, including patient age, sedation type, and mechanical ventilation status. Machine learning analysis was performed using an XGBoost classifier, with model interpretation achieved through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Univariate logistic regression was applied to identify significant predictors, while SHAP analysis revealed variable interactions. Results: POD occurred in 34.3% of patients (n = 45). Patients who developed POD were significantly older (67.7 \u00b1 6.5 vs. 64.5 \u00b1 8.7 years, p = 0.020). Sedation with mechanical ventilation and the type of sedative used were strongly associated with POD (both p &lt; 0.001). Sedation during mechanical ventilation showed the strongest association (OR = 2520.0; 95% CI: 80.9\u201378,506.7; p &lt; 0.00001). XGBoost classifier achieved excellent performance (AUC = 0.998, accuracy = 97.6%, F1 score = 0.976). SHAP analysis identified sedation, mechanical ventilation, and their interactions with fibrinogen, troponin I, leukocyte parameters, and lung infection as key predictors. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that an interpretable machine learning approach can enhance POD prediction, providing insights into the combined impact of multiple clinical, biochemical, and perioperative factors. Integration of such models into perioperative workflows may enable early identification of high-risk patients and support individualized preventive strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61050883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T11:31:49Z","timestamp":1747135909000},"page":"883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analyzing Key Predictors of Postoperative Delirium Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Aortic Valve Replacement: A Machine Learning Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Sto\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velimir","family":"Peri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4283-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Mili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8898-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Lazarevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute Niska Banja, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0230-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"\u017divadinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2912-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Stojiljkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5939-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Kamenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5982-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mla\u0111an","family":"Golubovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of delirium in cardiac surgery patients: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Krohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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