{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:09:15Z","timestamp":1778810955646,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is revolutionizing stroke rehabilitation by offering innovative neuroengineering solutions to address neurological deficits. By bypassing peripheral nerves and muscles, BCIs enable individuals with severe motor impairments to communicate their intentions directly through control signals derived from brain activity, opening new pathways for recovery and improving the quality of life. The aim of this study was to explore the beneficial effects of BCI system-based interventions on upper limb motor function and performance of activities of daily living (ADL) in stroke patients. We hypothesized that integrating BCI into occupational therapy would result in measurable improvements in hand strength, dexterity, independence in daily activities, and cognitive function compared to baseline. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted on 56 patients with subacute stroke. All patients received standard medical care and rehabilitation for 54 days, as part of the comprehensive treatment protocol. Patients underwent BCI training 2\u20133 times a week instead of some occupational therapy sessions, with each patient completing 15 sessions of BCI-based recoveriX treatment during rehabilitation. The occupational therapy program included bilateral exercises, grip-strengthening activities, fine motor\/coordination tasks, tactile discrimination exercises, proprioceptive training, and mirror therapy to enhance motor recovery through visual feedback. Participants received ADL-related training aimed at improving their functional independence in everyday activities. Routine occupational therapy was provided five times a week for 50 min per session. Upper extremity function was evaluated using the Box and Block Test (BBT), Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and dynamometry to assess gross manual dexterity, fine motor skills, and grip strength. Independence in daily living was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed across all the outcome measures (p &lt; 0.001). The strength of the stroke-affected hand improved from 5.0 kg to 6.7 kg, and that of the unaffected hand improved from 29.7 kg to 40.0 kg. Functional independence increased notably, with the FIM scores rising from 43.0 to 83.5. Cognitive function also improved, with MMSE scores increasing from 22.0 to 26.0. The effect sizes ranged from moderate to large, indicating clinically meaningful benefits. Conclusions: This study suggests that BCI-based occupational therapy interventions effectively improve upper extremity motor function and daily functions and have a positive impact on the cognition of patients with subacute stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61050932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T07:44:57Z","timestamp":1747813497000},"page":"932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Integrating Brain-Computer Interface Systems into Occupational Therapy for Enhanced Independence of Stroke Patients: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0932-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Endzelyt\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Nursing, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4193-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiva","family":"Petru\u0161evi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Nursing, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raimondas","family":"Kubilius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Nursing, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigitas","family":"Mingaila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Nursing, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolita","family":"Rapolien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Nursing, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inesa","family":"Rimdeikien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Nursing, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00078.2021","article-title":"Quantifying upper limb motor impairment in chronic stroke: A physiological profiling approach","volume":"131","author":"Ingram","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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