{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T21:44:31Z","timestamp":1773697471280,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Postgrado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco","award":["2024GI-AH-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GI-AH-03"]}]},{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Postgrado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco","award":["2023FEQUIP-RB-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023FEQUIP-RB-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Malaria is a disease that can result in a variety of complications. Diagnosis is carried out by an optical microscope and depends on operator experience. The use of artificial intelligence to identify morphological patterns in erythrocytes would improve our diagnostic capability. The object of this study was therefore to establish computer viewing models able to classify blood cells infected with Plasmodium spp. to support malaria diagnosis by optical microscope. Materials and Methods: A total of 27,558 images of human blood sample extensions were obtained from a public data bank for analysis; half were of parasite-infected red cells (n = 13,779), and the other half were of uninfected erythrocytes (n = 13,779). Six models (five machine learning algorithms and one pre-trained for a convolutional neural network) were assessed, and the performance of each was measured using metrics like accuracy (A), precision (P), recall, F1 score, and area under the curve (AUC). Results: The model with the best performance was VGG-19, with an AUC of 98%, accuracy of 93%, precision of 92%, recall of 94%, and F1 score of 93%. Conclusions: Based on the results, we propose a convolutional neural network model (VGG-19) for malaria diagnosis that can be applied in low-complexity laboratories thanks to its ease of implementation and high predictive performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61050940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T07:44:57Z","timestamp":1747813497000},"page":"940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Computer Viewing Model for Classification of Erythrocytes Infected with Plasmodium spp. Applied to Malaria Diagnosis Using Optical Microscope"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5135-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio SouthGenomics SpA, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5575-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cartas-Espinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Creaci\u00f3n UCT (CIIC-UCT), Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2267-3986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4878-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Moris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6066-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Boguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Letelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4761-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio SouthGenomics SpA, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6375-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio SouthGenomics SpA, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-2908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Procesos Terap\u00e9uticos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, 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