{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:20:10Z","timestamp":1792167610431,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early recognition and timely treatment of sepsis and septic shock is vital. Despite appropriate management, mortality and morbidity rates remain high. In recent years, many of the research efforts have been directed towards finding novel biomarkers that would rapidly identify, classify and risk-stratify the severity of sepsis in order to achieve prompt and targeted treatment of patients with sepsis and septic shock. Among these biomarkers, adrenomedullin (ADM) in the form of the biologically active fragment (bio-ADM) and dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) have recently been in the spotlight. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize current evidence on these two novel biomarkers regarding their clinical utility in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment monitoring and therapy guidance of sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department (ED) and in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Bio-ADM seems to be a promising biomarker with respect to the overall management of sepsis (diagnosis, severity prediction, prognosis and treatment monitoring and guidance). On the other hand, DPP3 appears to be useful mainly for sepsis prognosis and for predicting sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Given their potential clinical utility in sepsis management, the use of these two novel biomarkers, in conjunction with established biomarkers and clinical scores, could lead to the application of refined integrated protocols in the ED and the ICU, which could promptly and effectively inform clinical decision-making in patients presenting with sepsis or septic shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61061059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:54:05Z","timestamp":1749448445000},"page":"1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bio-Adrenomedullin and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 as Novel Sepsis Biomarkers in the Emergency Department and the Intensive Care Unit: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7572-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Ventoulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Macedonia, 50200 Ptolemaida, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3041-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Verras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1405-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionysis","family":"Matsiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3734-5443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Bistola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2038-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Bezati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Parissis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effie","family":"Polyzogopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16045","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.45","article-title":"Sepsis and Septic Shock","volume":"2","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002074","article-title":"Sepsis Pathophysiology, Chronic Critical Illness, and Persistent Inflammation-Immunosuppression and Catabolism Syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Mira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-2-146","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13220","article-title":"Promotion of Vascular Integrity in Sepsis through Modulation of Bioactive Adrenomedullin and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3","volume":"289","author":"Kox","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03862-5","article-title":"Biomarkers for Sepsis: More than Just Fever and Leukocytosis\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"26","author":"Barichello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02993-5","article-title":"Biomarkers of Sepsis: Time for a Reappraisal","volume":"24","author":"Pierrakos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2329-5","article-title":"The Early Identification of Disease Progression in Patients with Suspected Infection Presenting to the Emergency Department: A Multi-Centre Derivation and Validation Study","volume":"23","author":"Saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccioni, A., Saviano, A., Cicchinelli, S., Valletta, F., Santoro, M.C., De Cunzo, T., Zanza, C., Longhitano, Y., Tullo, G., and Tilli, P. (2021). Proadrenomedullin in Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Role in the Emergency Department. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090920"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0206123","article-title":"The Central Role of Adrenomedullin in Host Defense","volume":"80","author":"Zudaire","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(02)21010-4","article-title":"Cell and Molecular Biology of the Multifunctional Peptide, Adrenomedullin","volume":"221","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2019.39.5.454","article-title":"Circulating Biologically Active Adrenomedullin Predicts Organ Failure and Mortality in Sepsis","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"138","article-title":"Adrenomedullin, a Multifunctional Regulatory Peptide","volume":"21","author":"Hinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2004.06.019","article-title":"Identification of an Adrenomedullin Precursor Fragment in Plasma of Sepsis Patients","volume":"25","author":"Struck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"95","article-title":"Circulating Adrenomedullin Does Not Regulate Systemic Blood Pressure but Increases Plasma Prolactin after Intravenous Infusion in Humans: A Pharmacokinetic Study","volume":"82","author":"Meeran","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"366","article-title":"Plasma Levels of Mid-Regional pro-Adrenomedullin in Sepsis Are Associated with Risk of Death","volume":"85","author":"Rello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.08.65","article-title":"New Role of Biomarkers: Mid-Regional pro-Adrenomedullin, the Biomarker of Organ Failure","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00126","article-title":"Adrenomedullin 2.0: Adjusting Key Levers for Metabolic Stability","volume":"59","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.061","article-title":"Bench-to-Bedside Pharmacology of Adrenomedullin","volume":"764","author":"Kato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundberg, O.H.M., Rosenqvist, M., Bronton, K., Schulte, J., Friberg, H., and Melander, O. (2022). Bioactive Adrenomedullin in Sepsis Patients in the Emergency Department Is Associated with Mortality, Organ Failure and Admission to Intensive Care. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267497"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200211000-00013","article-title":"Novel Approach to Prevent the Transition from the Hyperdynamic Phase to the Hypodynamic Phase of Sepsis: Role of Adrenomedullin and Adrenomedullin Binding Protein-1","volume":"236","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04875-6","article-title":"Vascular Leak in Sepsis: Physiological Basis and Potential Therapeutic Advances","volume":"28","author":"McMullan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-016-0148-1","article-title":"Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Management","volume":"4","author":"Kakihana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, F., Zhao, X.-L., Xu, L.-Y., Zhang, J.-N., Ao, H., and Peng, C. (2024). Endothelial Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets for Sepsis-Induced Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. Biomed. Pharmacother., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117180"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H24","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00034.2016","article-title":"Microcirculatory Dysfunction in Sepsis: Pathophysiology, Clinical Monitoring, and Potential Therapies","volume":"311","author":"Miranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2243-2","article-title":"Circulating Adrenomedullin Estimates Survival and Reversibility of Organ Failure in Sepsis: The Prospective Observational Multinational Adrenomedullin and Outcome in Sepsis and Septic Shock-1 (AdrenOSS-1) Study","volume":"22","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2197-425X-2-1","article-title":"Adrenomedullin: Its Double-Edged Sword during Sepsis Slices Yet Again","volume":"2","author":"Kox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geven, C., Kox, M., and Pickkers, P. (2018). Adrenomedullin and Adrenomedullin-Targeted Therapy as Treatment Strategies Relevant for Sepsis. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00292"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0561-y","article-title":"Adrenomedullin Reduces Vascular Hyperpermeability and Improves Survival in Rat Septic Shock","volume":"33","author":"Brell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem295","article-title":"Exogenous Adrenomedullin Prevents and Reverses Hypodynamic Circulation and Pulmonary Hypertension in Ovine Endotoxaemia","volume":"99","author":"Ertmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R73","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13830","article-title":"Mechanical Ventilation Drives Pneumococcal Pneumonia into Lung Injury and Sepsis in Mice: Protection by Adrenomedullin","volume":"18","author":"Will","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000159194.53695.7A","article-title":"Adrenomedullin Reduces Staphylococcus Aureus \u03b1-Toxin\u2013Induced Rat Ileum Microcirculatory Damage","volume":"33","author":"Brell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.133.12.1298","article-title":"The Pivotal Role of Adrenomedullin in Producing Hyperdynamic Circulation During the Early Stage of Sepsis","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2197-425X-1-2","article-title":"Adrenomedullin Binding Improves Catecholamine Responsiveness and Kidney Function in Resuscitated Murine Septic Shock","volume":"1","author":"Wagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001102","article-title":"Effects of the Humanized Anti-Adrenomedullin Antibody Adrecizumab (HAM8101) on Vascular Barrier Function and Survival in Rodent Models of Systemic Inflammation and Sepsis","volume":"50","author":"Geven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2197-425X-1-3","article-title":"Epitope Specificity of Anti-Adrenomedullin Antibodies Determines Efficacy of Mortality Reduction in a Cecal Ligation and Puncture Mouse Model","volume":"1","author":"Struck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A618","DOI":"10.1186\/2197-425X-3-S1-A618","article-title":"Hemodynamics Effects of Adrecizumab in Sepsis Rat","volume":"3","author":"Blet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001103","article-title":"Vascular Effects of Adrenomedullin and the Anti-Adrenomedullin Antibody Adrecizumab in Sepsis","volume":"50","author":"Geven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2074-1","article-title":"The Mechanism of Action of the Adrenomedullin-Binding Antibody Adrecizumab","volume":"22","author":"Geven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2021.1857365","article-title":"Adrecizumab: An Investigational Agent for the Biomarker-Guided Treatment of Sepsis","volume":"30","author":"Deniau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2021.111345","article-title":"The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Mature and Total Adrenomedullin for Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"53","author":"Yonaha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol. Intensive Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03351-1","article-title":"Circulating Bioactive Adrenomedullin as a Marker of Sepsis, Septic Shock and Critical Illness","volume":"24","author":"Lundberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.03.035","article-title":"Circulating Biologically Active Adrenomedullin (Bio-ADM) Predicts Hemodynamic Support Requirement and Mortality During Sepsis","volume":"152","author":"Caironi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casalboni, S., Valli, G., Terlizzi, F., Mastracchi, M., Fidelio, G., De Marco, F., Bernardi, C., Chieruzzi, A., Curcio, A., and De Cicco, F. (2022). 30 Days Mortality Prognostic Value of POCT Bio-Adrenomedullin and Proenkephalin in Patients with Sepsis in the Emergency Department. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121786"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006216","article-title":"Biomarkers Improve Diagnostics of Sepsis in Adult Patients with Suspected Organ Dysfunction Based on the Quick Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) Score in the Emergency Department","volume":"52","author":"Bolanaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R34","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13731","article-title":"Plasma Adrenomedullin Is Associated with Short-Term Mortality and Vasopressor Requirement in Patients Admitted with Sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08275.x","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase III: A Multifaceted Oligopeptide N-end Cutter","volume":"278","author":"Prajapati","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16429","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 in Pathophysiology","volume":"290","author":"Malovan","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, P., Duan, W., Leng, Y.-Q., Wang, Y.-K., Tan, X., and Wang, W.-Z. (2022). DPP3: From Biomarker to Therapeutic Target of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.974035"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.05.078","article-title":"Dipeptidylamino-Tripeptidylcarboxypeptidase NEMP3 and DPP3 (DPP III) Are the Same Protein","volume":"616","author":"Kropotova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2018.027995","article-title":"Novel Methods for the Quantification of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 (DPP3) Concentration and Activity in Human Blood Samples","volume":"3","author":"Rehfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2158","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3, a Marker of the Antagonist Pathway of the Renin\u2013Angiotensin\u2013Aldosterone System in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"23","author":"Boorsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colin, M., Delaitre, C., Foulquier, S., and Dupuis, F. (2023). The AT1\/AT2 Receptor Equilibrium Is a Cornerstone of the Regulation of the Renin Angiotensin System beyond the Cardiovascular System. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145481"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00049.2009","article-title":"The Renal Renin-Angiotensin System","volume":"33","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C82","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00287.2006","article-title":"Angiotensin II Cell Signaling: Physiological and Pathological Effects in the Cardiovascular System","volume":"292","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21913","article-title":"Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 Modulates Systemic and Renal Hemodynamics Through Cleavage of Angiotensin Peptides","volume":"81","author":"Picod","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(91)90116-5","article-title":"Types and Localization of Aminopeptidases in Different Human Blood Cells","volume":"23","author":"Vitale","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03471-2","article-title":"Monitoring Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 (DPP3) Predicts Improvement of Organ Failure and Survival in Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Multinational Study","volume":"25","author":"Blet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1600","article-title":"Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 and Alteration in Haemodynamics in Cardiogenic Shock: Results from the OptimaCC Trial","volume":"22","author":"Takagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02888-5","article-title":"Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase-3 at Admission Is Associated with Circulatory Failure, Acute Kidney Injury and Death in Severely Ill Burn Patients","volume":"24","author":"Amzallag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1601","article-title":"Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 Is a Myocardial Depressant Factor: Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 Inhibition Rapidly and Sustainably Improves Haemodynamics","volume":"22","author":"Deniau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.11.021","article-title":"High Plasma Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 Levels Are Associated with Mortality and Organ Failure in Shock: Results from the International, Prospective and Observational FROG-ICU Cohort","volume":"128","author":"Deniau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2023.154383","article-title":"Associations of Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 3 with Short-Term Outcome in a Mixed Admission ICU-Cohort","volume":"78","author":"Beunders","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-021-00561-9","article-title":"Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase 3 on Intensive Care Unit Admission Is a Predictor of Organ Dysfunction and Mortality","volume":"9","author":"Frigyesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02950-2","article-title":"Mortality in Sepsis and Septic Shock in Europe, North America and Australia between 2009 and 2019\u2014 Results from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Bauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Sepsis Incidence and Mortality, 1990\u20132017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2016.351","article-title":"Implementation of an Emergency Department Sepsis Bundle and System Redesign: A Process Improvement Initiative","volume":"19","author":"McColl","year":"2017","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong-Minh, K., Welten, I., Endeman, H., Hagenaars, T., Ramakers, C., Gommers, D., van Gorp, E., and van der Does, Y. (2021). Predicting Mortality in Adult Patients with Sepsis in the Emergency Department by Using Combinations of Biomarkers and Clinical Scoring Systems: A Systematic Review. BMC Emerg. Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00461-z"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715606","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2715606","article-title":"Review of the Predictive Value of Biomarkers in Sepsis Mortality","volume":"2024","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644","article-title":"Definitions for Sepsis and Organ Failure and Guidelines for the Use of Innovative Therapies in Sepsis","volume":"101","author":"Bone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B","article-title":"2001 SCCM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference","volume":"31","author":"Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827e83af","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012","volume":"41","author":"Dellinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2008","volume":"36","author":"Dellinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2017.023655","article-title":"Sandwich Immunoassay for Bioactive Plasma Adrenomedullin","volume":"2","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00037.2012","article-title":"Sepsis: Multiple Abnormalities, Heterogeneous Responses, and Evolving Understanding","volume":"93","author":"Iskander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00330-2","article-title":"Profiling the Dysregulated Immune Response in Sepsis: Overcoming Challenges to Achieve the Goal of Precision Medicine","volume":"12","author":"Cajander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05032-9","article-title":"Enhancing Sepsis Biomarker Development: Key Considerations from Public and Private Perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Llitjos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/6\/1059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:48:46Z","timestamp":1760032126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/6\/1059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61061059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61061059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]}}}