{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:17Z","timestamp":1787028917201,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease requiring reliable diagnostic and monitoring tools. Salivary interleukins have emerged as promising non-invasive biomarkers, reflecting systemic inflammation and offering practical advantages such as ease of collection and improved patient compliance. Materials and Methods: This review synthesizes the current evidence on key salivary cytokines\u2014IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-17\u2014in relation to psoriasis pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. It also compares saliva to blood-based diagnostics, emphasizing benefits like cost-effectiveness and suitability for repeated sampling. Methodological challenges, including heterogeneity in collection protocols and limited longitudinal data, are critically examined. Results: Advances in biologic therapies have deepened the understanding of psoriasis immunopathogenesis, highlighting interleukins as central biomarkers. Recent findings identify IL-37 and IL-38 as novel regulatory cytokines with anti-inflammatory roles. While elevated serum TNF-\u03b1 levels in psoriatic patients are well documented, some inconsistencies persist. Notably, saliva has proven to be a viable alternative diagnostic fluid, supporting large-scale screening and routine clinical monitoring. Conclusions: Salivary interleukins\u2014particularly IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-17\u2014represent valuable, non-invasive biomarkers for early detection, disease severity assessment, and therapeutic response monitoring in psoriasis. Standardizing saliva-based methods and conducting large-scale studies are essential next steps to support their integration into personalized clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61071180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T03:54:28Z","timestamp":1751255668000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Salivary Interleukins as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Psoriasis: Advances and Challenges in Diagnosis and Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Sora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology [CEDMOG], 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Hangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergiu Ioachim","family":"Chirila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6302-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Gurgas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3956-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Botnarciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Blood Transfusions Unit, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia Carmen","family":"Daba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Cretu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology [CEDMOG], 900591 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Clinical Service of Pathology, \u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionut","family":"Burlacu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Clinical Service of Pathology, \u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Zamfirescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"Petcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian Cosmin","family":"Rosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4701-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona Mihaela","family":"Stoicescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucian Cristian","family":"Petcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2004.03.010","article-title":"Current concepts in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"22","author":"Lowes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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