{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:28:51Z","timestamp":1783571331885,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a complex condition characterized by metabolic disorders of blood glucose that significantly impact the health of both mother and fetus. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence and risk factors for maternal and fetal\u2013neonatal complications in women with GDM, comparing them to a control group (pregnant women without GDM) and pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted with 1418 pregnant women (279 with GDM, 74 with T1DM, 107 with T2DM, and 958 in the control group). The retrospective data included information on demographics, diagnostic test results, the medical history of pregnant women, treatments administered, identified complications, and other relevant variables for the study\u2019s purpose. Results: Significant differences were found regarding maternal and neo-fetal complications between GDM and the control group in terms of abortion, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and increased fetal weight (macrosomia). Women with T1DM and T2DM showed a higher rate of abortion, premature birth, and an APGAR score of &lt;7 at 5 min compared to those with GDM, and for T1DM, there was a higher rate of fetal mortality than in GDM cases. The primary risk factors for maternal complications included age OR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01\u20131.05, p = 0.002), obesity OR = 2.37 (95% CI: 1.42\u20133.94, p &lt; 0.001), and chronic hypertension OR = 2.51 (95% CI: 1.26\u20135.01, p = 0.009). Age and obesity were also significant cofactors for maternal complications. Furthermore, the main significant risk factors for fetal\u2013neonatal complications were obesity OR = 2.481 (95% CI:1.49\u20134.12, p &lt; 0.001) and chronic hypertension OR = 2.813 (95% CI:1.44\u20135.49, p = 0.002), both independently and as cofactors. Conclusions: We found that obesity and chronic hypertension are risk factors for both maternal and fetal\u2013neonatal complications. It is essential to prevent and adequately treat these two factors among pregnant women to avoid the onset of GDM. Additionally, screening for GDM is necessary to prevent maternal and fetal complications. Our results highlight the importance of specialized medical care and tailored management protocols in mitigating risks and ensuring positive outcomes for both mother and child during and after childbirth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61071190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T06:18:36Z","timestamp":1751264316000},"page":"1190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal and Fetal\u2013Neonatal Complications of Romanian Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Gherbon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VII Internal Medicine\u2014Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, and Systemic Rheumatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela","family":"Frandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences\u2014Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina Dalia","family":"Toderescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d West University, 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3450-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darius","family":"Dirpes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences\u2014Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0792-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romulus","family":"Timar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VII Internal Medicine\u2014Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, and Systemic Rheumatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marioara Neagu","family":"Nicula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Discipline of Physiology, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calin","family":"Dascau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department V Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Railway Hospital, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razvan","family":"Daniluc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0993-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Timar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VII Internal Medicine\u2014Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, and Systemic Rheumatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lende, M., and Rijhsinghani, A. (2020). Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249573"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2672","article-title":"Heterogeneous Contribution of Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion Defects to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"39","author":"Powe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2025). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plows, J.F., Stanley, J.L., Baker, P.N., Reynolds, C.M., and Vickers, M.H. (2018). The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 201: Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet. Gynecol., 132, e228\u2013e248.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002960"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12936","article-title":"Contraceptive use among women with prediabetes and diabetes in a US national sample","volume":"64","author":"Britton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e194498","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.4498","article-title":"Prevalence of Prediabetes Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States, 2005\u20132016","volume":"174","author":"Andes","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827618791980","article-title":"Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study","volume":"15","author":"Amiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367213","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2367213","article-title":"Analysis of Risk Factors for the Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Group of Romanian Patients","volume":"2022","author":"Preda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"6809","article-title":"Fresh vs. frozen embryo transfer in assisted reproductive techniques: A single center retrospective cohort study and ethical-legal implications","volume":"27","author":"Gullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01252-6","article-title":"Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Risk of Congenital Heart Diseases in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Gullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalcze, K., Burgio, S., Ott, J., Gullo, G., Zaami, S., and Krysiak, R. (2024). The Impact of Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Minipuberty in Boys. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234145"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17058","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017058","article-title":"Transient Hyperthyroidism following the ingestion of complementary medications containing kelp seaweed: A case report","volume":"98","author":"Gherbon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"12","article-title":"In vivo Experiments (Carassius gibelio Bloch) on Copper Homeostasis Alteration After Lead Intoxication and Natural Biologic-active Principles Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Nicula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat. (Water Waste)"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"257","article-title":"Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes: From Research to Clinical Practice"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067946","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2337\/cd16-0052","article-title":"International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Coding for Diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Dugan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142024. Diabetes Care, 47, S20\u2013S42.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2019). Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 42, S13\u2013S28.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S002"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz425","article-title":"2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes: The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"41","author":"Knuuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) Working Group on Outcome Definitions, Feig, D.S., Corcoy, R., Jensen, D.M., Kautzky-Willer, A., Nolan, C.J., Oats, J.J., Sacks, D.A., Caimari, F., and McIntyre, H.D. (2015). Diabetes in pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and proposed codification of definitions. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 31, 680\u2013690.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2640"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05123-6","article-title":"A core outcome set for studies of gestational diabetes mellitus prevention and treatment","volume":"63","author":"Egan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Neonatal and Perinatal Mortality: Country, Regional and Global Estimates, WHO."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"WHO (1997). Basic Newborn Resuscitation: A Practical Guide, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO (2015). The Prevention and Elimination of Disrespect and Abuse During Facility-Based Childbirth, WHO."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.986450","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in women aged 35 years or older with gestational diabetes\u2014A registry-based study in Finland","volume":"29","author":"Gissler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Diabetes in pregnancy: A new decade of challenges ahead","volume":"61","author":"Napoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000149","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Dodoma region, Tanzania: An analytical cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Mdoe","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.08.009","article-title":"Pre-gestational versus gestational diabetes: A population-based study on clinical and demographic differences","volume":"28","author":"Fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0192","article-title":"Pregnancy Outcomes of Women Additionally Diagnosed as Gestational Diabetes by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Criteria","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"56","article-title":"Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Diabetic Pregnant Women","volume":"20","author":"Hyari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Med. Serv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v108i9.12992","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in patients with pregestational and gestational diabetes attending Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"108","author":"Levitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stogianni, A., Lendahls, L., Landin-Olsson, M., and Thunander, M. (2019). Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by diabetes, and control pregnancies, in Kronoberg, Sweden. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2269-8"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01710-0","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes and maternal characteristics in women with pregestational and gestational diabetes: A retrospective study on 206,917 singleton live births","volume":"58","author":"Gualdani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2015.01044","article-title":"Association between maternal diabetes mellitus and the risk of congenital malformations: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Huang, C., Zhao, M., Lee, P.M.Y., Zhang, C., Yu, Y., Xi, B., and Li, J. (2023). Maternal hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and the risk of offspring diabetes mellitus in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood: A nationwide population-based cohort study. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02762-5"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owens, L.A., Sedar, J., Carmody, L., and Dunne, F. (2015). Comparing type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy- similar conditions or is a separate approach required?. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0499-y"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.966677","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes. a nation-wide study","volume":"28","author":"Ovesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2020). 14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142020. Diabetes Care, 43, S183\u2013S192.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S014"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Does Alpha-lipoic acid improve effects on polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"26","author":"Monti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.36129\/jog.2022.40","article-title":"Inositols administration: Further insights on their biological role","volume":"35","author":"Coldebella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gynaecol. Obstet. Ital. J. Narrat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, J., Yan, J., and Yang, H. (2022). Inositol Nutritional Supplementation for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142831"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907222","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1907222","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for the Outcomes of Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Neonates: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"2023","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2022.2109953","article-title":"Impact of assisted reproduction techniques on the neuro-psycho-motor outcome of newborns: A critical appraisal","volume":"42","author":"Gullo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4842316","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4842316","article-title":"The Role of Cell and Gene Therapies in the Treatment of Infertility in Patients with Thyroid Autoimmunity","volume":"2022","author":"Medenica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Mackeen, D.A., Trauffer, P.M., and Berghella, V. (2011). Maternal-Fetal Evidence-Based Guidelines, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/7\/1190\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:01:47Z","timestamp":1760032907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/7\/1190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61071190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61071190","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}