{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:16:36Z","timestamp":1790381796511,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in fetal development and maternal health during pregnancy. The World Health Organization recommends a daily calcium intake of 1.5\u20132 g for pregnant adult women. Calcium deficiency during gestation may lead to complications, such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, loss of bone mineral density, impaired fetal development, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the current clinical evidence on calcium intake during pregnancy. Methods: The present systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 statement by searching two major databases, PubMed and Mendeley. The study protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (DOI: osf.io\/rvj7z). Inclusion criteria were clinical trials on calcium supplementation during pregnancy. Exclusion criteria were clinical guidelines, reviews, case reports, case series, letters, and commentaries. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Results: Initially, 451 publications were identified, and after removal of duplicates and screening of titles and\/or abstracts and\/or full texts, 34 studies were included. The number of participants ranged between 30 and 22,000 women. Calcium supplementation was associated with lower incidence of and less severe gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, lower risk of preterm birth, longer pregnancy duration and higher neonatal birth weight, and improved maternal bone mineral density postpartum. When the doses were split up into smaller doses, the benefits were strongest with high-dose regimens (1.5\u20132 g\/day). Conclusions: Calcium supplementation during pregnancy has beneficial effects on maternal and neonatal health, especially in populations with insufficient dietary daily calcium intake and women at high risk of hypertensive disorders. Daily dose may vary according to individual needs, daily dietary calcium intake, and general health status. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61071195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1751277828000},"page":"1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9296-3688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeliki","family":"Gerede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panayiota","family":"Papasozomenou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofoklis","family":"Stavros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital \u201cATTIKON\u201d, Medical School, 9 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Potiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital \u201cATTIKON\u201d, Medical School, 9 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8899-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterini","family":"Domali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Nikolettos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4967-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makarios","family":"Eleftheriades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Aretaieion, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menelaos","family":"Zafrakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15512","article-title":"Global inequities in dietary calcium intake during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Cormick","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Guideline: Calcium Supplementation in Pregnant Women, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241564588."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.20.1.249","article-title":"Calcium in pregnancy and lactation","volume":"20","author":"Prentice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"341","article-title":"El calcio, esencial para la salud. [Calcium, essential for health]","volume":"33","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90434-X","article-title":"Calcium metabolism in pregnancy and the perinatal period: A review","volume":"151","author":"Pitkin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2005","article-title":"Calcium at fertilization and in early development","volume":"86","author":"Whitaker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"832","article-title":"Maternal-fetal calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy, puerperium, and lactation","volume":"18","author":"Kovacs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)31346-3","article-title":"Nutritional influences during pregnancy","volume":"61","author":"Pitkin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Med Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90361-5","article-title":"Ultrasonographic bone characteristics during normal pregnancy: Longitudinal and cross-sectional evaluation","volume":"173","author":"Gambacciani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.4.693","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Calcium Homeostasis during Human Pregnancy and Lactation and after Resumption of Menses","volume":"67","author":"Ritchie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00491.x","article-title":"Role of calcium during pregnancy: Maternal and fetal needs","volume":"70","author":"Hacker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.09.004","article-title":"Calcium and bone disorders during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"35","author":"Kovacs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1024\/0040-5930.64.5.243","article-title":"Kalziumsupplementation in der Schwangerschaft-ein Muss? [Calcium-supplementation in pregnancy\u2014Is it a must?]","volume":"64","author":"Beinder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Umsch."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1972.tb12902.x","article-title":"Serum ionic calcium levels during pregnancy","volume":"79","author":"Tan","year":"1972","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(34)90731-6","article-title":"Diffusible Serum Calcium in Pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Nicholas","year":"1934","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.10.2202","article-title":"The relationship between calcium intake and edema-, proteinuria-, and hypertension-getosis: An hypothesis","volume":"33","author":"Villar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"341","article-title":"Calcium supplementation and toxaemia of pregnancy","volume":"26","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199111143252002","article-title":"Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"325","author":"Villar","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy233","article-title":"Effect of prenatal calcium supplementation on bone during pregnancy and 1 y postpartum","volume":"109","author":"Cullers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31818-X","article-title":"Prepregnancy and early pregnancy calcium supplementation among women at high risk of pre-eclampsia: A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"393","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110803","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation as risk factors for subsequent bone loss and osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Sowers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.068","article-title":"World Health Organization Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Trial Group. World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women","volume":"194","author":"Villar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"121","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy","volume":"93","author":"Leeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2013). Hypertension in Pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01070-0","article-title":"Hypertension During Pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101982","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy: Global Burden From 1990 to 2019, Current Research Hotspots and Emerging Trends","volume":"48","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"467","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"7","author":"Uzan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vasc. Health. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14733","article-title":"Calcium supplementation for the prevention of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Current evidence and programmatic considerations","volume":"1510","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.05.032","article-title":"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy and lactation: Effects on the mother and the fetus","volume":"194","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-016-0062-3","article-title":"Optimizing treatment for the prevention of pre-eclampsia\/eclampsia in Nepal: Is calcium supplementation during pregnancy cost-effective?","volume":"14","author":"Feldhaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cost Eff. Resour. Alloc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14729","article-title":"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy and long-term offspring outcome: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"1510","author":"Korhonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2009.01088.x","article-title":"Effects of calcium supplementation on fetal growth in mothers with deficient calcium intake: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Abalos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr. Pe\u0301rinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050802464569","article-title":"The effect of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on fetal and infant growth: A nested randomized controlled trial within WHO calcium supplementation trial","volume":"22","author":"Merialdi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.177895","article-title":"Calcium-Vitamin D Co-supplementation Affects Metabolic Profiles, but not Pregnancy Outcomes, in Healthy Pregnant Women","volume":"7","author":"Asemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2012.316.324","article-title":"Effect of calcium-vitamin D supplementation on metabolic profiles in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Asemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00248-2","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the effect of third-trimester calcium supplementation on maternal hemodynamic function","volume":"90","author":"Boggess","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.037","article-title":"Effects of calcium supplementation on uteroplacental and fetoplacental blood flow in low-calcium-intake mothers: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"202","author":"Carroli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"57","article-title":"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for reducing pregnancy induced hypertension","volume":"108","author":"Cong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1999.tb03434.x","article-title":"Calcium supplementation in nulliparous women for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia and preterm birth: An Australian randomized trial. FRACOG and the ACT Study Group","volume":"39","author":"Crowther","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa418","article-title":"Reduction in Bone Loss from 5 to 20 Weeks Postpartum in Adolescents Supplemented with Calcium Plus Vitamin D during Pregnancy Is Not Sustained at 1 Year Postpartum: Follow-up Study of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"151","author":"Diogenes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307212","article-title":"Two randomized trials of low-dose calcium supplementation in pregnancy","volume":"390","author":"Dwarkanath","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"577","article-title":"Maternal calcium supplementation and fetal bone mineralization","volume":"94","author":"Koo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11868","article-title":"Effect of calcium supplementation on blood lead levels in pregnancy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"117","author":"Ettinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioxari, A., Papandreou, P., Daskalou, E., Kaliora, A.C., and Skouroliakou, M. (2024). Association of Serum Calcium Levels of Preterm Neonates at Birth with Calcium Intake from Foods and Supplements by Bedridden Women during Pregnancy. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12060693"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prevention of preeclampsia by linoleic acid and calcium supplementation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Herrera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.11.004","article-title":"Calcium and conjugated linoleic acid reduces pregnancy-induced hypertension and decreases intracellular calcium in lymphocytes","volume":"19","author":"Herrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/10641950701826802","article-title":"WHO Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Pre-eclampsia Trial Group. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders is not associated with changes in platelet count, urate, and urinary protein: A randomized control trial","volume":"27","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb03278.x","article-title":"Calcium supplementation reduces the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in an Andes population","volume":"96","author":"Wetgel","year":"1989","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90112-I","article-title":"Dietary calcium supplementation and prevention of pregnancy hypertension","volume":"335","author":"Narvaez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00254-8","article-title":"Calcium supplementation and the risk of preeclampsia in Ecuadorian pregnant teenagers","volume":"90","author":"Delgado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3329\/bjog.v28i2.30092","article-title":"Role of High Dose Calcium in the Prevention of Preeclampsia","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707103370201","article-title":"Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia","volume":"337","author":"Levine","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1159\/000298772","article-title":"Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on toxaemia of pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Marya","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00374-5","article-title":"Supplementary calcium in prevention of pre-eclampsia","volume":"74","author":"Niromanesh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1996.tb01052.x","article-title":"Calcium Supplementation and Prevention of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Purwar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20473\/jbe.V11I12023.1-8","article-title":"Dose and Duration of Calcium Supplementation on Pre-Eclampsia: A Case Control Study","volume":"11","author":"Qurniyawati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Berk. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"349","article-title":"Prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension by calcium supplementation in angiotensin II-sensitive patients","volume":"84","author":"Briones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00052-S","article-title":"Calcium supplementation in mild preeclampsia remote from term: A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Sanchezramos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3109\/10641959909023076","article-title":"Calcium and low-dose aspirin prophylaxis in women at high risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Rogers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90669-X","article-title":"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy may reduce preterm delivery in high-risk populations","volume":"163","author":"Villar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"795","article-title":"Calcium supplementation in pre-eclampsia","volume":"49","author":"Wanchu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-017-1007-2","article-title":"Calcium: A Nutrient in Pregnancy","volume":"67","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. India"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2025, June 10). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Non Randomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Available online: https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajong, A.B., Kenfack, B., Ali, I.M., Yakum, M.N., Ukaogo, P.O., Mangala, F.N., Aljerf, L., and Telefo, P.B. (2023). Calcium supplementation in pregnancy: An analysis of potential determinants in an under-resourced setting. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292303"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.018","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Premature Mortality","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69380-X","article-title":"Maternal mortality: Who, when, where, and why","volume":"368","author":"Ronsmans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68397-9","article-title":"WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: A systematic review","volume":"367","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01274.x","article-title":"Effects of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on maternal, fetal and birth outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Imdad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. Pe\u0301rinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"16","article-title":"Maternal mortality in Cameroon: A university teaching hospital report","volume":"21","author":"Tebeu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2021.115057","article-title":"Maternal Mortality in Two Reference Hospitals in the City of Yaounde (Cameroon): Epidemiological, Clinical and Prognostic Aspects","volume":"11","author":"Talom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2024.102481","article-title":"Prevention of preeclampsia","volume":"93","author":"Brownfoot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.102217","article-title":"Association between calcium supplementation and gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia: A Meta-analysis of 26 randomized controlled trials","volume":"49","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12479","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12479","article-title":"Should Women Be Advised to Use Calcium Supplements during Pregnancy? A Decision Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Meertens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyozuka, H., Murata, T., Fukuda, T., Yamaguchi, A., Kanno, A., Yasuda, S., Sato, A., Ogata, Y., Kuse, M., and Hosoya, M. (2020). Association between pre-pregnancy calcium intake and hypertensive disorders during the first pregnancy: The Japan environment and children\u2019s study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03108-2"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17769","article-title":"Calcium supplementation for the prevention of pre-eclampsia: Challenging the evidence from meta-analyses","volume":"131","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-05891-w","article-title":"Bone resorption and dietary calcium in pregnancy\u2014a window to future maternal bone health","volume":"32","author":"Geraghty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14705","article-title":"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy and maternal and offspring bone health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1509","author":"Tihtonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d1473","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1473","article-title":"Dietary calcium intake and risk of fracture and osteoporosis: Prospective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"342","author":"Byberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chen, H., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhao, G., Bao, W., and Yan, M. (2014). Dietary calcium intake and mortality risk from cardiovascular disease and all causes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0158-6"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S157523","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: A review of calcium intake on human health","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/7\/1195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:02:11Z","timestamp":1760032931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/7\/1195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61071195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61071195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}