{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:32:47Z","timestamp":1760059967258,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) present similar symptoms as other diseases, such as dementia (AD). However, while dementia is not reversible, INPH dementia can be treated through neurosurgery. This study aims to assess the Rorschach method as a valid tool to identify INPH patients. Materials and Methods: The perception characteristics of a small sample of patients (n = 19) were observed through the Rorschach Inblok test. Artificial neural network (ANN) models allowed us to analyze the correlations between patients\u2019 cognitive functions and perception characteristics. Results: The results obtained revealed significant insights about the independent traits in patients\u2019 patterns of response with INPH and AD. In performing the test, patients with INPH and AD concentrated more on the cards displayed and what they perceived, while other patients concentrated on reactions related to the image proposed. Conclusions: The Rorschach test is a valid predictor tool to identify INPH patients who could successfully be treated with neurosurgery. Hence, this methodology has potential in differential diagnosis applied to a clinical context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61081332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T16:04:51Z","timestamp":1753286691000},"page":"1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using Artificial Neural Network Models (ANNs) to Identify Patients with Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (INPH) and Alzheimer Dementia (AD): Clinical Psychological Features and Differential Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0510-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Gitto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4611-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"Mento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Massini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semeion Research Center of Sciences of Communication, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo Massimo","family":"Buscema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semeion Research Center of Sciences of Communication, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado, 1201 Larimer Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8623-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Raffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Francesco","family":"German\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0711-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Catena Ausilia","family":"Quattropani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00873-2","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"38","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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