{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:30Z","timestamp":1760060010719,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Acute appendicitis is a common surgical emergency, and while appendectomy typically results in good outcomes, post-operative complications, like intra-abdominal abscesses, can occur. Traditional biomarkers, such as white blood cells count and C-reactive protein, often lack the accuracy needed for early detection. Procalcitonin is emerging as a potential marker for predicting post-operative infections. This pilot study evaluates the role of kinetics of procalcitonin, measured via point-of-care testing, in predicting abscess formation in patients with non-complicated appendicitis. Materials and Methods: The study involved 33 patients undergoing appendectomy for non-complicated acute appendicitis. The levels of procalcitonin were measured at four time points: pre-operatively (T0), post-operatively (T1), on the first post-operative day (T2), and at discharge (T3). The primary outcome was the development of post-operative abscesses, confirmed by imaging or intervention. Results: Four patients (12%) developed abscesses. The levels of procalcitonin were significantly higher in the abscess group at all time points compared to the non-abscess group (p &lt; 0.05). The levels of procalcitonin in the abscess group plateaued after an initial post-operative decline, while levels steadily decreased in the non-abscess group. Conclusions: Procalcitonin, particularly its kinetic profile, may serve as a valuable early marker for predicting post-operative abscess formation. Point-of-care testing for procalcitonin can enable timely intervention, improving outcomes. Kinetics of procalcitonin show promise as a predictor for post-operative abscesses after appendectomy, though larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61081374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T16:16:10Z","timestamp":1753805770000},"page":"1374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Value of Early Kinetics of Procalcitonin with Point-of-Care Test to Predict Postoperative Abscess Following Non-Complicated Acute Appendicitis: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4969-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Fransvea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine \u201cAgostino Gemelli\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Fico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Arcangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine \u201cAgostino Gemelli\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Altieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Tropeano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Di Grezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilda","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Misuriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine \u201cAgostino Gemelli\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8820-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Brisinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine \u201cAgostino Gemelli\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine \u201cAgostino Gemelli\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine \u201cAgostino Gemelli\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Digestive Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-024-01801-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: A narrative review","volume":"76","author":"Bianchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Updates Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-023-00531-6","article-title":"A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis comparing nonoperative versus operative management for uncomplicated appendicitis: A focus on randomized controlled trials","volume":"19","author":"Brucchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2020.1740360","article-title":"Consensus Statement of the Italian Polispecialistic Society of Young Surgeons (SPIGC): Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis","volume":"34","author":"Guaitoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E150","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.019118","article-title":"A 30-day prospective audit of all inpatient complications following acute care surgery: How well do we really perform?","volume":"63","author":"Ball","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-022-02526-3","article-title":"Emergency appendectomy versus elective appendectomy following conservative treatment for acute appendicitis: A multicenter retrospective clinical study by the Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine","volume":"52","author":"Arakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"0408","article-title":"Appendicitis","volume":"2011","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-017-0157-y","article-title":"The current management of acute uncomplicated appendicitis: Should there be a change in paradigm? A systematic review of the literatures and analysis of treatment performance","volume":"12","author":"Poon","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-023-02361-2","article-title":"Complication analysis in acute appendicitis, results from an international multicenter study","volume":"50","author":"Coccolini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-023-00478-8","article-title":"Is it possible to predict the severity of acute appendicitis? Reliability of predictive models based on easily available blood variables","volume":"18","author":"Afzal","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/003655102317475443","article-title":"Reference intervals for procalcitonin and C-reactive protein after major abdominal surgery","volume":"62","author":"Lindberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2669-1","article-title":"The prognostic value of serum procalcitonin measurements in critically injured patients: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"AlRawahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"150","article-title":"Evaluation of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and the PCR\/PCT index as indicators of mortality in abdominal sepsis","volume":"88","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cirug\u00eda Y Cir."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1177\/17085381221102812","article-title":"Procalcitonin kinetics following abdominal aortic surgery and its value for postoperative intestinal ischaemia detection","volume":"31","author":"Novotny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.37796\/2211-8039.1388","article-title":"The impact of procalcitonin in assessing outcomes in pediatrics severe trauma cases: A three-year experience from a tertiary hospital","volume":"13","author":"Albuali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000133083.54934.ae","article-title":"Classification of surgical complications: A new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey","volume":"240","author":"Dindo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"S81","article-title":"Update on acute appendicitis: Typical and untypical findings","volume":"65","author":"Depetris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiologia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2024.07.014","article-title":"Comparison of polymeric clip and endoloop in laparoscopic appendectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003225","article-title":"Antibiotic Treatment and Appendectomy for Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"270","author":"Podda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10147","article-title":"Meta-analysis of antibiotics versus appendicectomy for non-perforated acute appendicitis","volume":"103","author":"Sallinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2017.073","article-title":"Antibiotics vs. Appendectomy for Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis in Adults: Review of the Evidence and Future Directions","volume":"18","author":"Huston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00306-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines","volume":"15","author":"Podda","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"CD001546","article-title":"Laparoscopic versus open surgery for suspected appendicitis","volume":"10","author":"Sauerland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-4951-5","article-title":"Endoloops or endostapler use in laparoscopic appendectomy for acute uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis: No difference in infectious complications","volume":"31","author":"Schreinemacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3207-x","article-title":"Endostapler or endoloops for securing the appendiceal stump in laparoscopic appendectomy: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Swank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2019.06.011","article-title":"Are endoscopic loop ties safe even in complicated acute appendicitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Ceresoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-019-01105-5","article-title":"The use of polymeric clips in securing the appendiceal stump during laparoscopic appendicectomy: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"CD010168","article-title":"Abdominal drainage to prevent intra-peritoneal abscess after open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-010-0709-z","article-title":"Prevention of infectious complications after laparoscopic appendectomy for complicated acute appendicitis\u2014The role of routine abdominal drainage","volume":"396","author":"Allemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.10.013","article-title":"Could an abdominal drainage be avoided in complicated acute appendicitis? Lessons learned after 1300 laparoscopic appendectomies","volume":"36","author":"Schlottmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.10.005","article-title":"Irrigation Versus Suction in Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Complicated Appendicitis: A Meta-analysis","volume":"235","author":"Siotos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001773","article-title":"Association of postoperative organ space infection after intraoperative irrigation in appendicitis","volume":"84","author":"Hernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.07.013","article-title":"Optimal stump management in laparoscopic appendectomy: A network meta-analysis by the Minimally Invasive Surgery Synthesis of Interventions and Outcomes Network","volume":"162","author":"Antoniou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1014","article-title":"Promising new assays and technologies for the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases","volume":"56","author":"Mitsuma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000226413.54364.36","article-title":"Procalcitonin as a diagnostic test for sepsis in critically ill adults and after surgery or trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Uzzan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, B., Agnoletti, V., Ansaloni, L., Coccolini, F., Bravi, F., Sartelli, M., Vallicelli, C., and Catena, F. (2023). Management of Intra-Abdominal Infections: The Role of Procalcitonin. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091406"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002321","article-title":"Serial Procalcitonin Predicts Mortality in Severe Sepsis Patients: Results From the Multicenter Procalcitonin MOnitoring SEpsis (MOSES) Study","volume":"45","author":"Schuetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.11.63","article-title":"Role of procalcitonin use in the management of sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Gregoriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000134404.63292.71","article-title":"Expression and secretion of procalcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide by adherent monocytes and by macrophage-activated adipocytes","volume":"32","author":"Linscheid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12588","article-title":"Sepsis biomarkers in unselected patients on admission to intensive or high-dependency care","volume":"17","author":"Llewelyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei143","article-title":"Procalcitonin, interleukin 6 and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): Early markers of postoperative sepsis after major surgery","volume":"94","author":"Mokart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sager, R., Kutz, A., Mueller, B., and Schuetz, P. (2017). Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship revisited. BMC Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0795-7"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2022.0053","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and interleukin-6 for postoperative infection in major gastrointestinal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Jerome","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001365","article-title":"Procalcitonin Reveals Early Dehiscence in Colorectal Surgery: The PREDICS Study","volume":"263","author":"Giaccaglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-015-2745-z","article-title":"Rising C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels precede early complications after esophagectomy","volume":"19","author":"Hoeboer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.809","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin as an early diagnostic marker of severe postoperative complications after elective pancreaticoduodenectomy","volume":"27","author":"Hata","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepato Biliary Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.10.011","article-title":"Procalcitonin in Crohn\u2019s disease with fever episodes, a variable to differentiate intra-abdominal abscess from disease flares","volume":"36","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0000000000000067","article-title":"Admission levels of serum amyloid a and procalcitonin are more predictive of the diagnosis of acute appendicitis compared with C-reactive protein","volume":"24","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan Tech."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-010-0214-1","article-title":"Procalcitonin as the biomarker of inflammation in diagnosis of appendicitis in pediatric patients and prevention of unnecessary appendectomies","volume":"73","author":"Chandel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317504","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/317504","article-title":"The usefulness of procalcitonin in the diagnosis of appendicitis in children: A pilot study","volume":"2012","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.4733","article-title":"The diagnostic value of D-dimer, procalcitonin and CRP in acute appendicitis","volume":"9","author":"Kaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1579-z","article-title":"Diagnostic role of procalcitonin in patients with suspected appendicitis","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-019-01116-2","article-title":"Procalcitonin as an excellent differential marker between uncomplicated and complicated acute appendicitis in adult patients","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-7883","article-title":"Preoperatively predicting the pathological types of acute appendicitis using machine learning based on peripheral blood biomarkers and clinical features: A retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S340745","article-title":"Composite Inflammatory Indicators as Early Predictor of Intra-abdominal Infections after General Surgery","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"112","article-title":"Procalcitonin kinetics\u2014Prognostic and diagnostic significance in septic patients","volume":"12","author":"Durek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S145","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051132","article-title":"Procalcitonin-a new marker of severe infection and sepsis","volume":"26","author":"Reinhart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7307","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7307","article-title":"Assessment value of interleukin-6, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein early kinetics for initial antibiotic efficacy in patients with febrile neutropenia: A prospective study","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2021.108624","article-title":"The value of sepsis biomarkers and their kinetics in the prognosis of septic shock due to bacterial infections","volume":"53","author":"Bahloul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol. Intensiv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterfield, T., Maney, J.A., Hanna, M., Fairley, D., and Shields, M.D. (2018). Point-of-care testing for procalcitonin in identifying bacterial infections in young infants: A diagnostic accuracy study. BMC Pediatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1349-7"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterfield, T., Maney, J.A., Lyttle, M.D., McKenna, J.P., Roland, D., Corr, M., Patenall, B., Shields, M.D., Woolfall, K., and Fairley, D. (2020). Diagnostic test accuracy of point-of-care procalcitonin to diagnose serious bacterial infections in children. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02385-2"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1159\/000536678","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Point-of-Care Testing of C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6, and Procalcitonin in Neonates with Clinically Suspected Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"33","author":"Goyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R291","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13157","article-title":"Procalcitonin-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients with severe sepsis and septic shock--a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Prkno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"343","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment of sepsis patients","volume":"97","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/8\/1374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:18:18Z","timestamp":1760033898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/8\/1374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61081374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61081374","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]}}}