{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:00:02Z","timestamp":1792512002547,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Handgrip strength represents a critical indicator of physical fitness and nutritional status in adolescents, yet population-specific reference values remain limited in developing countries. Understanding age- and sex-specific variations is crucial for accurate clinical assessment and effective health monitoring. The objective of this study was to establish comprehensive reference values for handgrip strength in healthy Tunisian adolescents aged 13\u201319 years and examine sex and age group differences in these measures. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2024 and June 2025, involving a sample of 950 participants (482 males, 468 females) aged 13\u201319 years from northwest Tunisia. Handgrip strength was measured using standardized dynamometry protocols for both hands. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, and body mass index. Percentile curves were generated using the LMS method, and correlations between handgrip strength and anthropometric variables were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Males demonstrated significantly higher handgrip strength than females from age 13 onward (13 years: p = 0.021; 14\u201319 years: p \u2264 0.001). Effect sizes for sex differences were consistently large across age groups (Cohen\u2019s d range: 0.53\u20132.09 for the dominant hand). Mean dominant handgrip strength ranged from 25.60 \u00b1 7.73 kg to 47.60 \u00b1 12.45 kg in males and 21.90 \u00b1 6.13 kg to 28.40 \u00b1 4.74 kg in females across age groups. After adjusting for body mass, sex differences remained significant between groups (13 years: p = 0.014; d= 1.5; 14\u201319 years: p \u2264 0.001; d: 1.71\u20133.12). Strong positive correlations emerged between handgrip strength and height (males: r = 0.748, females: r = 0.601), body mass (males: r = 0.659, females: r = 0.601), and body mass index (BMI) (males: r = 0.391, females: r = 0.461). Body mass and height emerged as the strongest predictors of handgrip strength in both sexes, while BMI showed a smaller but still significant contribution. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive age- and sex-specific reference values for handgrip strength in Tunisian adolescents. Healthcare providers can utilize these percentile charts for the clinical assessment and identification of musculoskeletal fitness deficits. The results suggest its use in educational and clinical contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61081383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:00:41Z","timestamp":1753884041000},"page":"1383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Age- and Sex-Specific Reference Values for Handgrip Strength Among Healthy Tunisian Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Souhail","family":"Bchini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit (UR22JS01) \u201cSport Sciences, Health and Movement\u201d, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of la Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8091-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Dergaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit (UR22JS01) \u201cSport Sciences, Health and Movement\u201d, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of la Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Sport and Health Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhouha","family":"Moussaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of la Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-5511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum 25240, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taoufik","family":"Selmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of la Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University \u201c1 Decembrie 1918\u201d of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadhir","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit (UR22JS01) \u201cSport Sciences, Health and Movement\u201d, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774","article-title":"Physical Fitness in Childhood and Adolescence: A Powerful Marker of Health","volume":"32","author":"Ortega","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7279","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7279","article-title":"Muscular Strength in Male Adolescents and Premature Death: Cohort Study of One Million Participants","volume":"345","author":"Ortega","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4467","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4467","article-title":"Objectively Measured Physical Capability Levels and Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"341","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) for 1160 Sequelae of 289 Diseases and Injuries 1990\u20132010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60646-1","article-title":"Global Physical Activity Levels: Surveillance Progress, Pitfalls, and Prospects","volume":"380","author":"Hallal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/1091367X.2021.2014331","article-title":"Development of Criterion-Referenced Standards for Musculoskeletal Fitness in Youth: Considerations and Approaches by the FitnessGram Scientific Advisory Board","volume":"26","author":"Welk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meas. Phys. Educ. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"465","article-title":"Muscle Strength: Clinical and Prognostic Value of Hand-Grip Dynamometry","volume":"18","author":"Bohannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62000-6","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Grip Strength: Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study","volume":"386","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023","article-title":"Get a Grip: Individual Variations in Grip Strength Are a Marker of Brain Health","volume":"71","author":"Carson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00298.x","article-title":"Muscle Strength, Disability and Mortality","volume":"13","author":"Rantanen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.51.87","article-title":"Grip Strength as an Index for Assessment of Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6\u201310 Years","volume":"51","author":"Kenjle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.09.010","article-title":"Hand Grip Strength: Outcome Predictor and Marker of Nutritional Status","volume":"30","author":"Norman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62349-7","article-title":"Grip Strength and Mortality: A Biomarker of Ageing?","volume":"386","author":"Sayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1630.1999.00182.x","article-title":"Handgrip Strength Testing: A Review of the Literature","volume":"46","author":"Innes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. Occup. Ther. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"69","article-title":"Grip and Pinch Strength: Normative Data for Adults","volume":"66","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afv192","article-title":"Global Variation in Grip Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Normative Data","volume":"45","author":"Dodds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2014.967878","article-title":"Norms for Hand Grip Strength in Children Aged 6-12 Years in Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"Omar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Neurorehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01113-5","article-title":"Normative Data for Handgrip Strength in Iranian Healthy Children and Adolescents Aged 7-18\u2009Years: Comparison with International Norms","volume":"47","author":"Rostamzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/oti.165","article-title":"Comparison of Rolyan and Jamar Dynamometers for Measuring Grip Strength","volume":"9","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occup. Ther. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","article-title":"A Review of the Measurement of Grip Strength in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies: Towards a Standardised Approach","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu012","article-title":"Criteria for Clinically Relevant Weakness and Low Lean Mass and Their Longitudinal Association with Incident Mobility Impairment and Mortality: The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project","volume":"69","author":"McLean","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudart, C., McCloskey, E., Bruy\u00e8re, O., Cesari, M., Rolland, Y., Rizzoli, R., Araujo de Carvalho, I., Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan, J., Bautmans, I., and Berti\u00e8re, M.-C. (2016). Sarcopenia in Daily Practice: Assessment and Management. BMC Geriatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0349-4"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Campos, R., Andruske, C.L., Arruda, M.D., Sulla-Torres, J., Pacheco-Carrillo, J., Urra-Albornoz, C., and Cossio-Bola\u00f1os, M. (2018). Normative Data for Handgrip Strength in Children and Adolescents in the Maule Region, Chile: Evaluation Based on Chronological and Biological Age. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201033"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.05.009","article-title":"Handgrip Strength: Normative Reference Values in Males and Females Aged 6-64 Years Old in a Colombian Population","volume":"44","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Campos, R., Vidal Espinoza, R., de Arruda, M., Ronque, E.R.V., Urra-Albornoz, C., Minango, J.C., Alvear-Vasquez, F., de la Torre Choque, C., Castelli Correia de Campos, L.F., and Sulla Torres, J. (2022). Relationship between Age and Handgrip Strength: Proposal of Reference Values from Infancy to Senescence. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072684"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarate-Osuna, F., Zapico, A.G., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Gross, M. (2025). Handgrip Strength in Children and Adolescents Aged 3 to 16 Years and Residing in Spain: New Reference Values. Children, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12040471"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2024.103013","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quattrocchi, A., Garufi, G., Gugliandolo, G., De Marchis, C., Collufio, D., Cardali, S.M., and Donato, N. (2024). Handgrip Strength in Health Applications: A Review of the Measurement Methodologies and Influencing Factors. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165100"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges, R.C.D.S., Bocchi, M., Freitas, J.C., Silva, A.K.A.C., Gouv\u00eaa-e-Silva, L.F., de Oliveira, D.M., and Fernandes, E.V. (2025). Use of Handgrip Strength as a Health Indicator in Public Sector Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202503.1077.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.61838\/kman.intjssh.7.2.4","article-title":"The Ethical Compass: Establishing Ethical Guidelines for Research Practices in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science","volume":"7","author":"Guelmami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Stud. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01723.x","article-title":"Handgrip Strength in English Schoolchildren","volume":"99","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massy-Westropp, N.M., Gill, T.K., Taylor, A.W., Bohannon, R.W., and Hill, C.L. (2011). Hand Grip Strength: Age and Gender Stratified Normative Data in a Population-Based Study. BMC Res. Notes, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-127"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddb03d","article-title":"Assessing Muscular Strength in Youth: Usefulness of Standing Long Jump as a General Index of Muscular Fitness","volume":"24","author":"Ortega","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15579883211070383","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883211070383","article-title":"The Effect of Daytime Ingestion of Melatonin on Thyroid Hormones Responses to Acute Submaximal Exercise in Healthy Active Males: A Pilot Study","volume":"16","author":"Souissi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1637346","article-title":"The Effects of Lunar Cycle on the Diurnal Variations of Short-Term Maximal Performance, Mood State, and Perceived Exertion","volume":"36","author":"Dergaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gordon, C.C., Chumlea, W.C., and Roche, A.F. (1988). Stature, Recumbent Length, and Weight. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, Human Kinetics Books."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Fess, E., and Moran, C. (1981). Clinical Assessment Recommendations, American Society of Hand Therapists. Available online: https:\/\/www.asht.org\/practice\/clinical-assessment-recommendations."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005101","article-title":"Nonparametric Statistical Methods in Medical Research","volume":"131","author":"Schober","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.3505","article-title":"Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians","volume":"10","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780111005","article-title":"Smoothing Reference Centile Curves: The LMS Method and Penalized Likelihood","volume":"11","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0771-5","article-title":"Relationship between Vertical Jumping Performance and Anthropometric Characteristics during Growth in Boys and Girls","volume":"168","author":"Temfemo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(01)00193-6","article-title":"Reference Values of Maximum Isometric Muscle Force Obtained in 270 Children Aged 4\u201316 Years by Hand-Held Dynamometry","volume":"11","author":"Beenakker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.521S","article-title":"Growth and Pubertal Development in Children and Adolescents: Effects of Diet and Physical Activity","volume":"72","author":"Rogol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., and Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity, Human Kinetics.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596837"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198800160-00018","article-title":"Growth and Physical Performance Relative to the Timing of the Adolescent Spurt","volume":"16","author":"Beunen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000117162.20314.6B","article-title":"Longitudinal Changes of Maximal Short-Term Peak Power in Girls and Boys during Growth","volume":"36","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001459","article-title":"Normative Reference Values for Handgrip Strength in Colombian Schoolchildren: The FUPRECOL Study","volume":"31","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, A.S., Zymbal, V., and Baptista, F. (2024). Musculoskeletal Fitness: Relative Handgrip Strength and Vertical Jump Power from 10 to 18 Years Old. Front. Pediatr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1207609"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00485-8","article-title":"Growth at Puberty","volume":"31","author":"Rogol","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193411414639","article-title":"Multiple Regression Analysis of Factors Influencing Dominant Hand Grip Strength in an Adult Malaysian Population","volume":"37","author":"Hossain","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(13)70202-9","article-title":"Grip Strength Is Strongly Associated with Height, Weight and Gender in Childhood: A Cross Sectional Study of 2241 Children and Adolescents Providing Reference Values","volume":"59","author":"Ploegmakers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"19","article-title":"The Influence of Body Height, Body Weight and Body Mass Index on Hand Grip Strength: A Pilot Study","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Slovak J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshahrani, M.S., Thomas, R.A., Samuel, P.S., Kakaraparthi, V.N., Reddy, R.S., and Dixit, S. (2025). Predictive Analysis of Dominant Hand Grip Strength among Young Children Aged 6\u201315 Years Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Decision Tree and Regression Analysis. Front. Pediatr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1569913"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaccagni, L., Toselli, S., Bramanti, B., Gualdi-Russo, E., Mongillo, J., and Rinaldo, N. (2020). Handgrip Strength in Young Adults: Association with Anthropometric Variables and Laterality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124273"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uzomba, G.C., Fuchs, P.X., Cortis, C., and Fusco, A. (2025). Sex Differences and the Relationship Between Athlete Anthropometrics and Long Jump Performance at National Elite Level. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10010078"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonazi, A., Alsunaid, F., Alofaisan, L., Ghassan Alqarni, M., Alhumoud, J., and Kashoo, F. (2025). Gender Differences in Lower Limb Strength and Endurance Among Saudi Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Limited Role of Body Mass Index. Children, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12070899"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002149","article-title":"A Brief Review of Handgrip Strength and Sport Performance","volume":"31","author":"Cronin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1996.10608853","article-title":"Tracking of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness across the Lifespan","volume":"67","author":"Malina","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostanek, J., Karolczak, K., Kuliczkowski, W., and Watala, C. (2024). Bootstrap Method as a Tool for Analyzing Data with Atypical Distributions Deviating from Parametric Assumptions: Critique and Effectiveness Evaluation. Data, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/data9080095"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39757","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039757","article-title":"A Thorough Examination of ChatGPT-3.5 Potential Applications in Medical Writing: A Preliminary Study","volume":"103","author":"Dergaa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/8\/1383\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:19:02Z","timestamp":1760033942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/8\/1383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61081383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61081383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]}}}