{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:05:33Z","timestamp":1787684733911,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Malnutrition is one of the most common complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and is closely linked to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the nutritional status of HD patients and the clinical relevance of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters such as the percent body fat (PBF), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), extracellular water-to-total body water ratio (ECW\/TBW), and phase angle (PhA) in assessing malnutrition in Vietnamese HD patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 184 patients undergoing hemodialysis in Hanoi, Vietnam. The BIA parameters were measured by the InBody S10 body composition analyzer, while malnutrition was assessed by the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), with a GNRI &lt;92 classified as a high risk of malnutrition. The independent BIA variables for predicting malnutrition and its cut-off values were explored using logistic regression models and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, respectively. Results: Among the study population, 42.9% (79\/184) of patients were identified as being at a high risk of malnutrition. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a higher ECW\/TBW was independently associated with an increased risk of malnutrition, while the PBF, SMI, and PhA expressed significant and inverse associations with the malnutrition risk after adjusting for multiple confounders. The cut-off values for predicting the high risk of malnutrition in overall HD patients were determined to be 20.45%, 7.75 kg\/m2, 5.45\u00b0, and 38.03% for the PBF, the SMI, the PhA, and the ECW\/TBW ratio, respectively. Conclusions: BIA parameters, including the PBF, SMI, PhA, and ECW\/TBW ratio, could serve as indicators of malnutrition in general Vietnamese patients with HD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61081396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1754030267000},"page":"1396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Parameters with Malnutrition in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-7410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh D.","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4973-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thang V.","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh T. X.","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong T. Q.","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bon T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An T. T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuy T. T.","family":"Ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duc M.","family":"Cap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Haiphong 04212, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toan D.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuc H.","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha N.","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen 24117, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2633-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuan D.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toan Q.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"},{"name":"Director Office, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thang V.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuc C.","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director Office, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2943-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thang B.","family":"Ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director Office, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"},{"name":"Respiratory Center, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2287-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuyen V.","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.01.017","article-title":"Dialysis initiation, modality choice, access, and prescription: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"96","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajkd.2003.07.016","article-title":"Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients: Causes and consequences","volume":"42","author":"Ikizler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhl, S., Siddique, S.M., McKeever, L., Bloschichak, A., D\u2019Anci, K., Leas, B., Mull, N.K., and Tsou, A.Y. (2021). AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER249"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.004","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition","volume":"36","author":"Cederholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahathevan, S., Khor, B.H., Ng, H.M., Gafor, A.H.A., Mat Daud, Z.A., Mafra, D., and Karupaiah, T. (2020). Understanding Development of Malnutrition in Hemodialysis Patients: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103147"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.05.037","article-title":"Malnutrition as a potential predictor of mortality in chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Rashid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Zhang, M., Ye, T., Wang, Z., and Yao, Y. (2023). Application of bioelectrical impedance analysis in nutritional management of patients with chronic kidney disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.1452.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, C.J., and Racette, S.B. (2021). The Utility of Body Composition Assessment in Nutrition and Clinical Practice: An Overview of Current Methodology. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082493"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12152","article-title":"Contemporary methods of body composition measurement","volume":"35","author":"Zerahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14930","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014930","article-title":"Mid-arm circumference, body fat, nutritional and inflammatory biomarkers, blood glucose, dialysis adequacy influence all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients: A prospective cohort study","volume":"98","author":"Duong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.12.001","article-title":"Risk stratification for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Role of bioimpedance derived edema index and nutrition status","volume":"39","author":"Sukackiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yajima, T., and Yajima, K. (2023). Association of extracellular water\/total body water ratio with protein-energy wasting and mortality in patients on hemodialysis. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41131-3"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"89","article-title":"Parameters to assess nutritional status in a Moroccan hemodialysis cohort","volume":"6","author":"Aatif","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab. J. Nephrol. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13019","article-title":"Utility of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria for the nutritional assessment of patients with end-stage renal disease receiving chronic hemodialysis","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Quoc, N. (2025, April 12). Vietnam: Over 8.7 Million Afflicted with Chronic Kidney Disease. Available online: https:\/\/en.sggp.org.vn\/vietnam-over-87-million-afflicted-with-chronic-kidney-disease-post109188.html."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saitoh, M., Ogawa, M., Kondo, H., Suga, K., Takahashi, T., Itoh, H., and Tabata, Y. (2020). Bioelectrical impedance analysis-derived phase angle as a determinant of protein-energy wasting and frailty in maintenance hemodialysis patients: Retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02102-2"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.09.001","article-title":"Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis\u2013Derived Phase Angle Predicts Protein\u2013Energy Wasting in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"29","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, C.K., Lim, J.H., Ibrahim, I., Chan, Y.M., Zakaria, N.F., Yahya, R., and Daud, Z.A.M. (2021). Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Derived-Phase Angle as a Pragmatic Tool to Detect Protein Energy Wasting among Multi-Ethnic Hemodialysis Patients. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101745"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"633","article-title":"Phase angle and mid arm circumference as predictors of protein energy wasting in renal replacement therapy patients","volume":"36","author":"Padilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp. \u00d3rgano Of. De La Soc. Espa\u00f1ola De Nutr. Cl\u00ednica Y Metab. (SENPE)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0528-8","article-title":"Phase angle assessment by bioelectrical impedance analysis and its predictive value for malnutrition risk in hospitalized geriatric patients","volume":"28","author":"Varan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0276","article-title":"Ethnic differences in fat and muscle mass and their implication for interpretation of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis","volume":"44","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2016.05.004","article-title":"Malnutrition Assessment in Hemodialysis Patients: Role of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Phase Angle","volume":"26","author":"Rimsevicius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Redondo, E., Morgado-P\u00e9rez, A., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1ez, M.-J., Faura, A., S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, D., Tejero-S\u00e1nchez, M., Meza-Valderrama, D., Muns, M.D., Pascual, J., and Marco, E. (2023). Low Phase Angle Values Are Associated with Malnutrition according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition Criteria in Kidney Transplant Candidates: Preliminary Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy in the FRAILMar Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051084"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.777","article-title":"Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index: A new index for evaluating at-risk elderly medical patients","volume":"82","author":"Bouillanne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruperto, M., and Barril, G. (2023). Clinical Significance of Nutritional Status, Inflammation, and Body Composition in Elderly Hemodialysis Patients\u2014A Case\u2013Control Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245036"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, M., Nakashima, A., Doi, S., Maeda, K., Ishiuchi, N., Naito, T., and Masaki, T. (2021). Lower Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) Is Associated with Higher Risk of Fractures in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082847"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.10.018","article-title":"Geriatric nutritional risk index accurately predicts cardiovascular mortality in incident hemodialysis patients","volume":"64","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirose, S., Nakajima, T., Nozawa, N., Katayanagi, S., Ishizaka, H., Mizushima, Y., Matsumoto, K., Nishikawa, K., Toyama, Y., and Takahashi, R. (2020). Phase Angle as an Indicator of Sarcopenia, Malnutrition, and Cachexia in Inpatients with Cardiovascular Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082554"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719523","article-title":"Gender differences in factors associated with nutritional status of older medical patients","volume":"25","author":"Castel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13330","article-title":"Gender differences in nutritional status, diet and physical activity among adolescents in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"25","author":"Darling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamdan, Z., Nazzal, Z., Al-Amouri, F.M., Ishtayah, S., Sammoudi, S., Bsharat, L., and Badrasawi, M. (2025). Factors associated with malnutrition inflammation score among hemodialysis patients: A cross-sectional investigation in tertiary care hospital, Palestine. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317132"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badrasawi, M., Zidan, S., Sharif, I., Qaisiyha, J., Ewaida, S., Jaradat, T., and Samamra, Y. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of malnutrition among hemodialysis patients at hebron governmental hospital, Palestine: Cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02413-y"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37679","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037679","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition among hemodialysis patients in a single hemodialysis center in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study","volume":"103","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj063","article-title":"The Inconsistency of \u201cOptimal\u201d Cutpoints Obtained using Two Criteria based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve","volume":"163","author":"Perkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.1.106","article-title":"Simplified nutritional screening tools for patients on maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"87","author":"Yamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04980512","article-title":"Comparison analysis of nutritional scores for serial monitoring of nutritional status in hemodialysis patients","volume":"8","author":"Beberashvili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001480","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001480","article-title":"Association of Fluid Retention With Anemia and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"4","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badura, K., Janc, J., W\u0105sik, J., Gnitecki, S., Skwira, S., M\u0142ynarska, E., Rysz, J., and Franczyk, B. (2024). Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014A Narrative Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061191"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30757","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030757","article-title":"Factors associated with the prevalence of malnutrition among adult hemodialytic patients: A two-center study in the Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"101","author":"Azzeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"8","article-title":"Assessment of malnutrition status in hemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Zaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1352","article-title":"Assessment of the reliability and consistency of the \u201cMalnutrition Inflammation Score\u201d(MIS) in Mexican adults with chronic kidney disease for diagnosis of protein-energy wasting syndrome (PEW)","volume":"31","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2013.01.001","article-title":"Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: A consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM)","volume":"23","author":"Carrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519000400","article-title":"Criteria for classification of protein\u2013energy wasting in dialysis patients: Impact on prevalence","volume":"121","author":"Mahillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-023-00890-5","article-title":"Study on the correlation between bioelectrical impedance analysis index and protein energy consumption in maintenance dialysis patients","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2010.03.002","article-title":"Malnutrition-inflammation score and endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Demir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macedo, C., Amaral, T.F., Rodrigues, J., Santin, F., and Avesani, C.M. (2021). Malnutrition and Sarcopenia Combined Increases the Risk for Mortality in Older Adults on Hemodialysis. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.721941"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurajoh, M., Mori, K., Miyabe, M., Matsufuji, S., Ichii, M., Morioka, T., Kizu, A., Tsujimoto, Y., and Emoto, M. (2022). Nutritional Status Association With Sarcopenia in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis Assessed by Nutritional Risk Index. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.896427"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279499","article-title":"Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training","volume":"601","author":"Landen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.81","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18\u201388 yr","volume":"89","author":"Janssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.17106\/jbr.32.46","article-title":"Body water balance in hemodialysis patients reflects nutritional, circulatory, and body fluid status","volume":"32","author":"Ando","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biorheol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09799-0","article-title":"Phase angle in applications of bioimpedance in health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Lukaski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, B.-G., Lee, J.Y., Kim, J.-S., and Yang, J.-W. (2019). Decreased Bioimpedance Phase Angle in Patients with Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122874"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Oliva, A., \u00c1vila-Nava, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Aguilar, E.A., Trujillo-Mercado, A., Garc\u00eda-Guzm\u00e1n, A.D., Pinz\u00f3n-Navarro, B.A., Fuentes-Serv\u00edn, J., Guevara-Cruz, M., and Medina-Vera, I. (2023). Association between phase angle and the nutritional status in pediatric populations: A systematic review. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1142545"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, N., Zhang, J., Cheng, S., and Liang, B. (2023). The Role of Standardized Phase Angle in the Assessment of Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010050"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.10.010","article-title":"Is phase angle an appropriate indicator of malnutrition in different disease states? A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01653.x","article-title":"Quantifying acute changes in volume and nutritional status during haemodialysis using bioimpedance analysis","volume":"17","author":"Chua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0894-0959.2004.17603.x","article-title":"Poor Nutritional Status and Inflammation: Serum Albumin: Relationship to Inflammation and Nutrition","volume":"17","author":"Don","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/8\/1396\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:20:45Z","timestamp":1760034045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/8\/1396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61081396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61081396","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}