{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:41:10Z","timestamp":1760060470280,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam","award":["NVQG-2020\/\u0110T.06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NVQG-2020\/\u0110T.06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease, and progressive arthritis is its primary clinical manifestation. The role of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection in the progression of RA remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between B19V infection and viral genetic distribution in Vietnamese RA patients. Materials and Methods: 115 Vietnamese RA patients and 86 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this observational study at the Thai Nguyen National Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. B19V DNA was examined in serum and synovial fluid samples from RA patients using nested PCR and real-time PCR. B19V antibodies were detected in serum samples using ELISA. Results: B19V DNA was detected in the serum of 2 out of 115 (1.74%) RA patients but not in any HCs. Interestingly, B19V DNA was present in 12 out of 68 (17.65%) RA patients with knee effusion in their synovial fluid. Anti-B19V-IgG and anti-B19V-IgM were detected in the serum of 42.61% and 2.61% of RA patients, respectively, and in 24.42% and 12.79% of HCs, respectively. Anti-B19V-IgG levels were significantly higher in the serum of RA patients than in the serum of HCs (p = 0.007). However, anti-B19V-IgM was more commonly detected in HC serum than in RA patient serum (p = 0.006). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all B19V strains belonged to genotype 1 and subgenotype 1A. Conclusions: B19V infection is frequent in RA patients and suggests a contribution of B19V to the progression of RA, particularly in a B19V genotype-1- and subgenotype-1A-dependent manner and emphasises the need for early detection and management of B19V infection in RA patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61091546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T07:43:16Z","timestamp":1756366996000},"page":"1546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Association of Human Parvovirus B19 Infection on the Course of Vietnamese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Trieu Van","family":"Manh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen 250000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1039-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai Ly Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngo Thu","family":"Hang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngo Truong","family":"Giang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Can Van","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luu Thi","family":"Binh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen 250000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguy Thi","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Hanoi Nephrology Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bui Tien","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tran Thi Thanh","family":"Huyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vu Nhi","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen 250000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le Duy","family":"Cuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5781-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khac Cuong","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7170-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang Van","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Linh","family":"Toan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01525-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"402","author":"Bathon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06628-2","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence, incidence, years lived with disability of rheumatoid arthritis in 2019 and forecasted incidence in 2040: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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