{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T22:46:05Z","timestamp":1781563565818,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) in young adults, once a rarity, is increasingly recognized as a distinct clinical entity. Unlike traditional MI patients, younger individuals often present without established risk factors or advanced atherosclerosis, prompting a reevaluation of pathophysiologic paradigms and risk assessment strategies. Objective: This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic challenges of MI in adults under 55 years, with emphasis on risk factor profiles. We distinguish between traditional cardiovascular risk factors\u2014smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and family history\u2014and emerging contributors, including elevated lipoprotein(a), recreational drug use (cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines), autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, psychosocial stress, sleep disorders, genetic predisposition, and non-atherosclerotic mechanisms such as myocardical infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, SCAD and Takotsubo syndrome. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted, focusing on studies from the last five years addressing MI in young adults, including data from large registries, cohort studies, and recent experimental findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61091615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:06:32Z","timestamp":1757318792000},"page":"1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Myocardical Infarction in Young Adults: Revisiting Risk Factors and Atherothrombotic Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0794-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petre Alexandru","family":"Cojocaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Loredana","family":"\u021aieranu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Emergency County Hospital, 200642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9415-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina Teodora Lumini\u021ba","family":"Piorescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Emergency County Hospital, 200642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionu\u021b Cezar","family":"Buciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital, 299642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Mugurel","family":"Belu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital, 299642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5896-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana Isabella","family":"Cureraru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital, 299642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen Nicolae","family":"\u021aieranu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital, 299642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianina Cristiana","family":"Moise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital, 299642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavian","family":"Istratoaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital, 299642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e63949","article-title":"Clinical and Angiographic Profiles of Myocardial Infarction in a Young South Indian Population","volume":"16","author":"Prakash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s44325-025-00046-w","article-title":"Demographic and regional trends of acute myocardial infarction-related mortality among young adults in the US, 1999\u20132020","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Cardiovasc. 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