{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:51:15Z","timestamp":1791557475067,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are rare injuries in pediatric athletes, with limited data on the potential role of an elevated body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor. Previous studies have primarily focused on age, sex, and sport type, but the association between BMI and these injuries remains underexplored. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are rare injuries predominantly affecting adolescent boys during sports activities involving strong quadriceps contractions. This pilot study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and anthropometric characteristics of patients with these fractures, including the distribution of injury mechanisms and the fracture types, to test whether the prevalence of overweight\/obesity among cases exceeded national population benchmarks, and to describe the associated clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on medical records and radiographs of patients under the age of 18 treated between 2017 and 2024. The data collected included demographic and anthropometric characteristics, injury mechanisms, fracture classification, treatment methods, complications, and outcomes. The patients were categorized as normal weight (&lt;85th percentile) or overweight\/obese (\u226585th percentile). The primary outcome was whether the prevalence of overweight\/obesity among the cases exceeded national pediatric benchmarks. Formal sample size and power analyses were performed to guide future research. Results: Twenty-one patients met the inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 13.7 years; 95.2% were male. Soccer was the most common injury mechanism (52.4%), followed by athletics and running. The predominant fracture type was Ogden IVb (38.1%). Overweight\/obesity was present in 52.4% of the patients, significantly higher than the national benchmarks. An open reduction and internal fixation was performed in 90.5% of the cases, with a mean follow-up of 14.6 months (range: 6\u201336). Complications occurred in 14.3% overall, all within the overweight\/obese group (27.3%). Conclusions: This pilot retrospective study suggests a potential link between an elevated BMI and tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures, with overweight\/obesity being significantly more prevalent in affected patients than in the general pediatric population. These exploratory findings warrant confirmation in larger, adequately powered studies, and emphasize the importance of weight management and tailored sports activities as potential preventive strategies. An early diagnosis, timely surgical intervention, and adequate rehabilitation are critical for achieving optimal functional recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61091698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T14:45:46Z","timestamp":1758206746000},"page":"1698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of Elevated Body Mass Index with Tibial Tuberosity Avulsion Fractures in Pediatric Athletes: A Pilot Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Josip","family":"Kocur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavko","family":"\u010ci\u010dak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damjan","family":"Dimnjakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5068-1930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Ki\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4144-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordana","family":"Kristek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and ICU, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kre\u0161imir","family":"Ivkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalibor","family":"Kristek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalibor","family":"Divkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318263a370","article-title":"Tibial tuberosity fractures in adolescents: Is a posterior metaphyseal fracture component a predictor of complications?","volume":"32","author":"Brey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198603000-00013","article-title":"Tibial tubercle avulsions","volume":"6","author":"Bolesta","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. 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Traumatol."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/9\/1698\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:48:30Z","timestamp":1760035710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/61\/9\/1698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina61091698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61091698","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]}}}