{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:54:05Z","timestamp":1790610845785,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) significantly contribute to global rates of UTI. This study aimed to compare the prevalence and trends of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales and CRE in patients with CAUTIs and non-CAUTIs. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 4262 UTI-positive urine cultures was conducted at King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia (January 2022\u2013November 2023). Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were obtained from hospital records. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Vitek\u00ae System; ESBL and CRE were identified using Ezy MIC\u2122 strips and Xpert\u00ae Carba-R assay, respectively. Results: ESBL-producing Enterobacterales accounted for 11.3% of cases; CRE comprised 1.8%. ESBL was significantly more prevalent in non-catheterized patients and those in emergency care. CRE was significantly associated with catheterized patients and inpatient settings. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the predominant ESBL-producing and CRE isolates, respectively. bla-OXA-48 was the most frequently detected carbapenemase gene (66.7%). ESBL was prevalent in younger, non-catheterized females, suggesting increasing community transmission. Conversely, CRE were primarily observed in older, catheterized inpatients, emphasizing the role of invasive devices in resistance spread. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of targeted infection control and early catheter removal to mitigate resistance trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61111907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T02:50:48Z","timestamp":1761533448000},"page":"1907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing and Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales in Saudi Arabia: Impact of Catheterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Asma Ali","family":"Sawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0391-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada S.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0084-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahad A.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0018-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muzn S.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Alabdulkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana Ahmed","family":"Alnufaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajidah Jaffar","family":"Alalwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tajammal","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0980-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maher","family":"Alqurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9673-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman A.","family":"El-Badry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-021-03913-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of urinary tract infections from 1990 to 2019: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. 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