{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:52:34Z","timestamp":1788317554939,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease with progressive evolution and high mortality. Magnesium, copper and zinc are essential biometals involved in numerous biological processes in all organs of the human body. A lower level of zinc and magnesium and a higher cooper\/zinc ratio are frequently encountered in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis but also in other forms of pulmonary fibrosis. These imbalances are involved in the main pathogenic mechanisms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: alveolar epithelial cell lesions, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferation, mitochondrial activity, excessive extracellular matrix accumulation, high collagen production, alveolar macrophage dysfunctions, and apoptosis. A multitude of experimental and clinical studies have shown the importance of these bivalent cations for the synthesis or activity of some important endogenous active substances (fatty acids, eicosanoids, sirtuin1, p53 protein, interleukins, growth factors, some enzymes, and others) involved in one form or another in the pathogenesis of IPF. There are no randomized clinical trials yet, but some clinical and experimental results suggest that the association of zinc and magnesium with pirfenidone and nintedanib could be beneficial and should be assessed as soon as possible after the onset of this disease. The correction of hypomagnesemia and hypozincemia, whenever they exist, must be performed as soon as possible after the diagnosis of fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T14:27:16Z","timestamp":1766154436000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Magnesium, Zinc and Copper in Lung Fibrosis: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Nechifor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, \u201cGrigore T Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen Lacramioara","family":"Zamfir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, \u201cGrigore T Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, \u201cGrigore T Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30866-8","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"389","author":"Richeldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.024","article-title":"Ageing as a Risk Factor for Disease","volume":"22","author":"Niccoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. 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