{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:59:23Z","timestamp":1766577563131,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiographic progression of non-surgically managed jaw lesions that remained untreated due to patient deferral or refusal of surgery. Radiographic changes were assessed using two panoramic radiographs obtained at different time points, with a focus on dimensional progression, morphological characteristics, and anatomical involvement. Materials and Methods: A total of 85 non-surgically managed intraosseous cystic and cyst-like jaw lesions were evaluated on two panoramic radiographs obtained at least one year apart. Histopathological confirmation was available for 26 of the lesions (30.6%), while the remaining cases were evaluated radiographically due to the absence of surgical intervention or accessible pathology records. Assessments included localization, size, shape, internal structure, borders, association with non-erupted teeth, root resorption, tooth displacement, involvement of anatomical structures, and cortical changes such as thinning, expansion, or destruction. Nonparametric statistical comparisons were used to assess time-dependent changes and differences between follow-up groups. Results: A total of 57 lesions occurred in the mandible and 28 in the maxilla, predominantly in the posterior regions. The mean vertical\/horizontal measurements of the intraosseous lesions was found to be 10.9 \u00b1 4.6 mm\/12.2 \u00b1 6.5 mm (Mean \u00b1 SD) on the initial panoramic radiographs (Med: 10.0\u2013IQR: 6.50\/Med: 12.0\u2013IQR: 8.75) and 14.8 \u00b1 5.3 mm\/17.5 \u00b1 8.3 mm (Mean \u00b1 SD) on the second panoramic radiographs (Med: 14.5\u2013IQR: 6.75\/Med: 16.0\u2013IQR: 10.75), respectively. Both vertical and horizontal dimensions showed a statistically significant increase between the two time points (p &lt; 0.05). Initially, 41 lesions exhibited corticated margins; at follow-up, an additional 33 non-corticated lesions developed cortication. Lesions without corticated margins on the initial images exhibited significantly greater vertical and horizontal growth than those with corticated borders (p &lt; 0.05). Lesions followed for 3\u20135 years showed significantly greater dimensional changes compared with those observed for shorter or longer intervals (p &lt; 0.05). Lesion shape, internal structure, and multilocularity remained largely stable. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this retrospective study, non-surgically managed jaw lesions showed a tendency to increase in size over time. While the development of corticated borders may be associated with reduced growth activity, panoramic radiography alone is insufficient for definitive assessment, and regular radiographic follow-up should be considered within a broader clinical context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1766575334000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Longitudinal Radiographic Evaluation of Non-Surgically Managed Jaw Lesions Using Panoramic Radiography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9049-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuna","family":"Sumer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ondokuz May\u0131s, 55270 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1312-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe P\u0131nar","family":"Sumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ondokuz May\u0131s, 55270 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03097.x","article-title":"Lesions of the jaws","volume":"54","author":"Slootweg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Prevalence and distrubition of odontogenic cysts: A 12 year retrospective study","volume":"356","author":"Mammadov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Georgian Med. News"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2006.00455.x","article-title":"Range and demographics of odontogenic cysts diagnosed in a UK population over a 30-year period","volume":"35","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.22543\/2392-7674.1348","article-title":"Dental fear, anxiety, and phobia; causes, diagnostic criteria and the medical and social impact","volume":"9","author":"Avramova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mind Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12657","article-title":"Exploring avoidance of dental care due to dental fear and economic burden \u2013Across-sectional study in a national sample of younger adults in Norway","volume":"22","author":"Astrom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miloro, M., Ghali, G.E., Larsen, P.E., and Waite, P. (2022). Peterson\u2019s Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Springer Nature. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91920-7"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"White, S.C., and Pharoah, M.J. (2014). Oral Radiology Principles and Interpretation, Elsevier. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_284_21","article-title":"Intraosseous jaw lesions: A 25-year experience","volume":"26","author":"Dhanuthail","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.03.019","article-title":"Comparing panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomography: Impact on radiographic features and differential diagnoses","volume":"126","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200165","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20200165","article-title":"Comparison of radiographical characteristics and diagnostic accuracy of intraosseous jaw lesions on panoramic radiographs and CBCT","volume":"50","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(05)80494-9","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of 367 cystic lesions of the jaw\u2014The Ulm experience","volume":"21","author":"Kreidler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almazyad, A., Almutairi, M., Almadan, N., Alamro, M., Maki, F., AlQuwayz, T.S., and Alrumeh, A.S. (2023). Frequency and Demographic Profile of Odontogenic Cysts in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Retrospective Multicenter Study. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030355"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2019.05.003","article-title":"Epidemiological study of intraosseous lesions of the stomatognathic or maxillomandibular complex diagnosed by a Reference Centre in Brazil from 2006\u20132017","volume":"57","author":"Farias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e732","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic accuracy between periapical and panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomography in measuring the periapical area of teeth scheduled for periapical surgery. A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Portney, L.G., and Watkins, M.P. (1993). Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice, Appleton and Lange."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.212448","article-title":"Odontogenic and nonodontogenic cysts: An analysis of 526 cases in Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Saruhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.25134","article-title":"Can cystic lesions of the jaws be considered as the cause of mandibular asymmetry?","volume":"27","author":"Polat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Oral. Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(76)80049-X","article-title":"Intracystic fluid pressure in non-keratinizing jaw cysts","volume":"5","author":"Skaug","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4802570","article-title":"The osmolality of fluids from cysts of the jaws","volume":"129","author":"Toller","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"105","article-title":"Odontogenic cysts","volume":"64","author":"Santosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Clin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0644-z","article-title":"Odontogenic keratocyst: Imaging features of a benign lesion with an aggressive behaviour","volume":"9","author":"Borghesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Into Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"89","article-title":"Odontogenic cysts. Analysis of 856 cases","volume":"7","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Oral."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-023-03475-0","article-title":"Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy of Panoramic Radiography to CBCT in Maxillary Sinus Diseases","volume":"75","author":"Ege","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2009.06.007","article-title":"Position of the impacted third molar in relation to the mandibular canal. Diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography compared with panoramic radiography","volume":"38","author":"Ghaeminia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husain, A.A.H., D\u00f6belin, Q., Giacomelli-Hiestand, B., Wiedemeier, D.B., Stadlinger, B., and Valdec, S. (2021). Diagnostic Accuracy of Cystic Lesions Using a Pre-Programmed Low-Dose and Standard-Dose Dental Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Protocol: An Ex Vivo Comparison Study. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217402"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/1\/34\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1766577292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/1\/34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina62010034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina62010034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]}}}