{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:19:47Z","timestamp":1777486787555,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"URODERM MED SRL"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide. Identifying and understanding the factors that influence treatment outcome is essential for improving therapeutic effectiveness and predicting patient response. The objective of this review is to estimate how clinical, biochemical, molecular and therapeutic factors impact the prognosis of patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Methods: A review was performed using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. All articles were published from 2013 to 2025 focusing on prognostic factors in locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with ICIs. Results: Clinical prognostic factors for patients treated with ICIs include poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and the presence of liver or bone metastases, both associated with poor outcomes. Low hemoglobin levels and several biochemical markers, such as high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), elevated systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and low serum sodium are also associated with reduced survival. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression shows predictive relevance for ICI response. Concomitant use of antibiotics or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may diminish immunotherapy effectiveness. Additionally, sarcopenia and high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels correlate with poorer clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Prognostic outcomes in aUC and mUC are influenced by a complex interaction of clinical, biochemical and molecular factors. Integrative prognostic models are essential to the guidance of personalized immunotherapeutic strategies and the improvement of patient outcomes in aUC and mUC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T08:38:14Z","timestamp":1766738294000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Review of the Latest Evidence on Prognostic Factors in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5107-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ion","family":"Cojocaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Department, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"The Department of Urology, \u201cSfantul Apostol Andrei\u201d Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lin","family":"Guliciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Department, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"The Department of Urology, \u201cSfantul Apostol Andrei\u201d Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cojocaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reumadiagnostic Clinic, 800402 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Serban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Department, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"The Department of Urology, \u201cSfantul Apostol Andrei\u201d Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grigore","family":"Pascaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Department, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"The Department of Urology, \u201cSfantul Apostol Andrei\u201d Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-7031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihnea Bogdan","family":"Borz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6735-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad Horia","family":"Schitcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, The Oncology Institute \u201cIon Chiricu\u0163\u0103\u201d, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei-Ionut","family":"Tise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, The Oncology Institute \u201cIon Chiricu\u0163\u0103\u201d, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iulian","family":"Osoianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ioan Lasc\u0103r Municipal Hospital, 605200 Com\u0103ne\u0219ti, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8187-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura-Florentina","family":"Rebegea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Department, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"The Department of Urology, \u201cSfantul Apostol Andrei\u201d Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7398","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30080536","article-title":"Do Cancer Genetics Impact Treatment Decision Making? 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