{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1783720331938,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technologically Enabled Advancements in Dental Medicine","award":["760235\/28.12.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760235\/28.12.2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Reduced bone quality due to osteoporosis significantly complicates oral rehabilitation and bone regeneration therapies. While Vitamin D (Vit. D3) is crucial for osteogenesis, systemic administration often lacks local efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the osteoregenerative potential of a novel Chitosan-based nanostructured scaffold (NS) loaded with Vit. D3, underlining its efficacy in vitro and in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. Materials and Methods: Chitosan NSs were fabricated with varying Vit. D3 concentrations. In vitro assessments included cytotoxicity (MTT assay), cell viability (Alamar Blue), and mineralization (Alizarin Red) using human dental follicle stem cells. In vivo, 30 Wistar rats were ovariectomized to induce osteoporosis (confirmed by biomarkers Osteocalcin and \u03b2-CTX) and were divided into three groups (n = 10). Bilateral maxillary bone defects were treated with (1) a Control (clot only), (2) a Hemostatic Sponge with Vit. D3 (HS\/Vit. D3), or (3) an NS loaded with Vit. D3 (NS\/Vit. D3-6.25 ng\/mL). Histological and morphometric analyses were performed at 4 and 8 weeks. Results: In vitro, the NS loaded with 6.25 ng\/mL Vit. D3 demonstrated superior cytocompatibility, achieving a cell viability of 117.77% at 72 h and significantly enhanced calcium nodule deposition compared to controls. In vivo, a total of 44 defect sites were analyzed following the exclusion of compromised samples (Control: 16 sites; HS\/Vit. D3: 16 sites; NS\/Vit. D3: 12 sites). The NS\/Vit. D3-6.25 ng\/mL group exhibited the highest degree of mature bone formation and vascularization (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the Control and HS\/Vit. D3 groups. While cellular activity (osteoblasts\/osteocytes) was initially higher in the HS\/Vit. D3 group, the NS\/Vit. D3-6.25 ng\/mL group achieved superior structural integration and scaffold replacement by mature bone tissue over time. Conclusions: The novel Vit. D3-loaded Chitosan NS effectively promotes bone regeneration in osteoporotic conditions. It supports osteogenic differentiation in vitro and enhances bone matrix maturation in vivo, suggesting its potential as a bioactive scaffold for regenerative dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T17:24:58Z","timestamp":1767201898000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin D-Loaded Chitosan Nanostructures for Bone Regeneration: A Combined In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation in an Osteoporotic Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Corina Giorgiana","family":"Muresan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana Codruta","family":"Mirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Forray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nausica","family":"Petrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Soritau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Prof. Dr. I. 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Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1686-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Oprita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8368-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Condor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Aluas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Mihaela","family":"Mihu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphofunctional Sciences (Histology), Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Adina","family":"Bo\u015fca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphofunctional Sciences (Histology), Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia Patricia","family":"Mocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphofunctional Sciences (Histology), Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0844-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalin Mihai","family":"Onofrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphofunctional Sciences (Histology), Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca-Astrid","family":"Andone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, 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Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Hedesiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Radiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0092-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia Ondine","family":"Lucaciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151030","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/151030","article-title":"Postextraction Alveolar Ridge Preservation: Biological Basis and Treatments","volume":"2012","author":"Pagni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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