{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T03:01:16Z","timestamp":1774321276344,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TP 32040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TP 32040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including acute myocardial infarction (MI), and is frequently associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Post-MI autonomic dysfunction contributes to adverse outcomes, but data on prognostic markers in diabetic patients remain limited. This study aimed to (1) compare autonomic nervous system (ANS) function between patients with MI and DM (MI\/DM), MI without DM, and DM without MI; (2) assess differences in MI\/DM patients based on survival status; and (3) identify prognostic factors for all-cause mortality in diabetic patients following MI. Materials and Methods: This retrospective\u2013prospective study included 375 patients: 93 MI\/DM, 229 MI, and 53 DM. MI patients were treated with fibrinolytic or conservative therapy. All participants underwent cardiovascular reflex tests (CARTs) and 24 h Holter ECG with heart rate variability (HRV) analysis; DM patients without MI were tested in an outpatient setting. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality during a median follow-up of 38 months. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to determine mortality predictors. Results: Autonomic dysfunction was prevalent in all groups, with MI\/DM patients showing the most pronounced impairment, particularly in parasympathetic function. MI\/DM patients had significantly lower SDNN values and higher prevalence of definite parasympathetic dysfunction than other groups. In the MI\/DM group, abnormal Valsalva maneuver (VM) was more frequent among non-survivors. Multivariable analysis identified abnormal VM and NSTEMI as predictors of overall mortality. Conclusions: Diabetic patients after MI exhibit the most severe autonomic impairment, predominantly parasympathetic, which may contribute to their increased cardiovascular risk. In this high-risk group, abnormal VM and NSTEMI presentations independently predict long-term mortality. Assessment of autonomic function, particularly VM, may provide valuable prognostic information and aid in risk stratification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:51:21Z","timestamp":1767376281000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients After Myocardial Infarction: Prognostic Role of the Valsalva Maneuver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5090-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Markovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 15300 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1709-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Petrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 15300 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasko","family":"\u017dugi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 15300 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8674-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulin","family":"Bulatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milovan","family":"Boji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 15300 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Milovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 15300 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad191","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"44","author":"Byrne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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