{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T14:13:48Z","timestamp":1767881628638,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TAHSU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: There is a lack of information on the dietary intake of long-term combined oral contraceptive users (COC-users) in relation to their body composition. The aim of the pilot study was to determine the food consumption of young women using COCs for &gt;6 months and its relationship to body composition compared to non-users. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 healthy women (21.8 \u00b1 1.7 years) were divided into COC non-users (n = 19) and users of a low (\u226420 \u03bcg) ethinylestradiol (EE) dose (n = 18) and a medium (30\u201335 \u03bcg) EE dose (n = 8). Anthropometric data, body composition, physical activity levels, three-consecutive-days of dietary records, and serum concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D were assessed. Statistical methods included chi-squared, Fisher\u2019s exact test, t-test, Mann\u2013Whitney U test, Spearman\u2019s correlation, and multiple linear regression. Results: There were no differences between COC-users and non-users in terms of physical activity, intake of micronutrients, body mass index, body fat percentage (BF%), or bone mineral density (BMD). COC-users consumed a higher percentage of energy from fats (p = 0.02) and had higher serum vitamin D levels (p &lt; 0.01). BF% was negatively associated with BMD (coefficient \u22120.008; p = 0.027). Conclusions: The use of COCs for \u02c36 months is not associated with FM or BMD, regardless of dietary differences. Further attention should be paid to possible associations between COCs use, dietary habits, and body composition (including BMD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:10:50Z","timestamp":1767867050000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Use of Combined Oral Contraceptives for \u02c36 Months Is Not Associated with Body Fat or Bone Density, Regardless of Dietary Differences\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0425-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Liisa","family":"Tamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Environmental Health Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00dclle","family":"Parm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Environmental Health Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Sokk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Environmental Health Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siret","family":"L\u00e4\u00e4nelaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing and Midwifery Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aivar","family":"Orav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiography and Biomedical Laboratory Science Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaido","family":"Liiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiography and Biomedical Laboratory Science Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Jaansoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Environmental Health Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1425-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marit","family":"Salus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Environmental Health Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivi","family":"Vaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Environmental Health Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Environmental Health Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin-Voldemar","family":"R\u00f5\u017eko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Environmental Health Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mildred","family":"Mustkivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiography and Biomedical Laboratory Science Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taimi","family":"Taimalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vocational Education Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristiina","family":"Virro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing and Midwifery Department, Tartu Applied Health Sciences University (TAHSU), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614548857","article-title":"Combined hormonal contraceptives: Prescribing patterns, compliance, and benefits versus risks","volume":"5","author":"Brynhildsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. 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