{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T17:17:32Z","timestamp":1792343852628,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) has a heterogeneous course in the emergency department (ED), and early prediction of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) failure is difficult. The PaCO2\u2013ETCO2 gap reflects ventilation\u2013perfusion mismatch and increased physiologic dead space; however, the prognostic value of its short-term change during NIMV is unclear. This study evaluated baseline, post-treatment, and delta (post\u2013pre) PaCO2\u2013ETCO2 gap values for predicting intubation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality in ED patients with ARF receiving NIMV. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled adults (\u226518 years) treated with NIMV in a tertiary ED. Exclusion criteria included GCS &lt; 15, intoxication, pneumothorax, trauma, pregnancy, gastrointestinal bleeding, need for immediate intubation\/CPR, or incomplete data. ETCO2 was recorded within the first 3 min of NIMV and at 30 min; concurrent arterial blood gases provided PaCO2. The PaCO2\u2013ETCO2 gap was calculated at both time points and as delta. Outcomes were intubation, ICU admission, and mortality. ROC analyses determined discriminatory performance and cutoffs using the Youden index. Results: Thirty-four patients were included (50% female; mean age 73.26 \u00b1 10.07 years). Intubation occurred in 9 (26.5%), ICU admission in 20 (58.8%), and mortality in 10 (29.4%). The post-treatment gap and delta gap were significantly higher in intubated patients (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001). For predicting intubation, post-treatment gap &gt; 10.90 mmHg yielded AUC 0.807 (p = 0.007; sensitivity 77.8%, specificity 76.0), while delta gap &gt; 2.90 mmHg yielded AUC 0.982 (p = 0.001; sensitivity 88.9%, specificity 92.0). Delta gap also predicted ICU admission (cutoff &gt; 0.65 mmHg; AUC 0.746, p = 0.016) and mortality (cutoff &gt; 2.90 mmHg; AUC 0.865, p = 0.001). Conclusions: In ED ARF patients receiving NIMV, an increasing PaCO2\u2013ETCO2 gap\u2014especially the delta gap\u2014was associated with higher risks of intubation, ICU admission, and mortality, supporting serial CO2 gap monitoring as a practical early warning marker of deterioration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1768811036000},"page":"197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Early Warning Marker in Acute Respiratory Failure: The Prognostic Significance of the PaCO2\u2013ETCO2 Gap During Noninvasive Ventilation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1477-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00fcleyman","family":"K\u0131r\u0131k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip \u00c7elebi University, \u0130zmir 35100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0794-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet G\u00f6ktu\u011f","family":"Efgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip \u00c7elebi University, \u0130zmir 35100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ejder Saylav","family":"Bora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip \u00c7elebi University, \u0130zmir 35100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9832-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U\u011fur","family":"Tav\u015fano\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, \u0130stanbul Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, \u0130stanbul 34303, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3545-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fcseyin \u00d6zkan","family":"\u00d6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Tosya State Hospital, Kastamonu 37300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3672-8787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burak","family":"Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Training and Research Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman 02030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3976-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sedat","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131zl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Izmir City Hospital, \u0130zmir 35300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180008","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0008-2018","article-title":"Highlights in acute respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Scala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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