{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T21:54:35Z","timestamp":1768859675918,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with rising prevalence in the Middle East. Real-world comparative data on disease-modifying therapies from this region remain limited. This retrospective study compared the clinical outcomes and tolerability of fingolimod and interferon beta-1a (IFN-\u03b21a) among patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis treated at a large public referral hospital in Jordan. Materials and Methods: All eligible RRMS patients received fingolimod or IFN-\u03b21a at a single tertiary hospital. The annualized relapse rate (ARR), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, and adverse effect frequencies were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A full-cohort inclusion approach was applied instead of sample-size calculation, as all available cases at Al-Basheer Hospital (Amman, Jordan) were included. Results: Fingolimod-treated patients showed a significantly higher ARR than those on IFN-\u03b21a (0.51 vs. 0.26, p = 0.016), an association likely influenced by treatment sequencing and baseline disease activity. EDSS distributions were similar between treatment groups, with most patients demonstrating mild disability (EDSS \u2264 3.5). IFN-\u03b21a was linked to injection site reactions, while fingolimod was better tolerated. Conclusions: The higher observed relapse rate among fingolimod-treated patients possibly reflects treatment sequencing and underlying disease severity rather than pharmacologic efficacy, as fingolimod was commonly prescribed as an escalation therapy. These findings highlight the importance of individualized treatment selection and underscore the need for prospective studies incorporating standardized baseline disease activity measures to better inform multiple sclerosis care in Jordan and the wider Middle Eastern region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1768811036000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic Outcomes of Fingolimod and Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing\u2013Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Real-World Study from Jordan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arwa","family":"Al Anber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola","family":"Abu Al Karsaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7269-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dua","family":"Abuquteish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6846-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intern, Ministry of Health, Amman 1118, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5684-1828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intern, Ministry of Health, Amman 1118, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5997-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sa\u2019adeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intern, Ministry of Health, Amman 1118, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dena","family":"Kilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intern, Ministry of Health, Amman 1118, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders, Stroke (2023). 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