{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:26:17Z","timestamp":1773966377837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the severity of misophonia symptoms in individuals diagnosed with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) and to evaluate the pattern of the relationship between misophonia and OCD symptom severity in relation to anxiety sensitivity and mindfulness. Materials and Methods: This comparative and cross-sectional study included 108 patients diagnosed with OCD according to DSM-5 criteria and 81 healthy control subjects without any psychiatric diagnosis. Participants completed the Misophonia Symptom List (MSL), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Statistical analyses included group comparisons, Pearson correlations, multiple linear regression, and mediation analyses using the PROCESS macro. Results: MSL scores were significantly higher in the OCD group compared to the control group (104.10 \u00b1 33.00 vs. 87.56 \u00b1 20.07, p &lt; 0.001). ASI-3 (33.53 \u00b1 18.72 vs. 18.12 \u00b1 11.55, p &lt; 0.001) and BAI scores (20.74 \u00b1 13.14 vs. 11.04 \u00b1 8.47, p &lt; 0.001) were higher; MAAS scores were lower (53.23 \u00b1 14.92 vs. 60.72 \u00b1 12.70, p &lt; 0.001). In the OCD group, MSL scores were positively correlated with anxiety sensitivity (r = 0.626, p &lt; 0.001) and Beck anxiety (r = 0.515, p &lt; 0.001) and negatively correlated with MAAS (r = \u22120.357, p &lt; 0.001). In multiple regression analysis, anxiety sensitivity was identified as the only variable significantly predicting misophonia severity (\u03b2 = 0.523, p &lt; 0.001). Mediation analyses showed that anxiety sensitivity emerged as the dominant indirect pathway between OCD symptom severity and misophonia, whereas the contribution of mindfulness was not independent of anxiety sensitivity in the serial mediation model. Conclusions: The findings indicate that misophonia symptoms are significantly elevated in individuals diagnosed with OCD and that these symptoms are particularly associated with cognitive-emotional variables such as anxiety sensitivity and mindfulness. Given the cross-sectional design, the mediation findings should be interpreted as indirect associations rather than evidence of causal pathways. Considering these variables may be useful in assessing misophonia symptoms accompanying OCD and planning clinical approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T15:18:32Z","timestamp":1768922312000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Misophonia in Individuals with Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder: Its Relationship with Anxiety Sensitivity and Mindfulness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6338-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmut Onur","family":"Karaytu\u011f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Sar\u0131\u00e7am 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9750-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lut","family":"Tamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Sar\u0131\u00e7am 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3965-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Emin","family":"Demirkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Sar\u0131\u00e7am 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8954-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep","family":"Naml\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Sar\u0131\u00e7am 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caner","family":"Ye\u015filo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Sar\u0131\u00e7am 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9536-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinem","family":"\u00c7etin Demirta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Sar\u0131\u00e7am 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6989-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Meri\u00e7","family":"Kurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nizip State Hospital, Gaziantep 27700, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2623-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hale Nur","family":"\u00c7akar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Sar\u0131\u00e7am 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6483-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efsun Damla","family":"Alt\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Sar\u0131\u00e7am 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-2501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmut","family":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Elisabeth Krankenhaus, 45529 Hattingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, M.O., and Ulu\u015fahin, N.A. (2023). Mental Health and Disorders, Nobel Medical Publishers. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"T\u00fckel, R., and Demet, M.M. (2021). Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Turkish Psychiatric Association Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassiello-Robbins, C., Anand, D., McMahon, K., Guetta, R., Trumbull, J., Kelley, L., and Rosenthal, M.Z. (2020). The mediating role of emotion regulation within the relationship between neuroticism and misophonia: A preliminary investigation. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00847"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09825-3","article-title":"The prevalence and severity of misophonia in a UK undergraduate medical student population and validation of the Amsterdam misophonia scale","volume":"92","author":"Naylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"67","article-title":"An examination of the relationship between misophonia, anxiety sensitivity, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Cusack","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obs.-Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy for comorbid misophonic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A systematic case study","volume":"10","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obs.-Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jager, I., de Koning, P., Bost, T., Denys, D., and Vulink, N. (2020). Misophonia: Phenomenology, comorbidity and demographics in a large sample. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231390"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"187","article-title":"Anxiety sensitivity and its place in psychiatric disorders","volume":"22","author":"Mantar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.01.003","article-title":"Anxiety sensitivity and its dimensions across the anxiety disorders","volume":"20","author":"Deacon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.01.001","article-title":"The relationship between anxiety sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions","volume":"43","author":"Wheaton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bpg016","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bph077","article-title":"Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition","volume":"11","author":"Bishop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertenstein, E., Rose, N., Voderholzer, U., Heidenreich, T., Nissen, C., Thiel, N., Herbst, N., and K\u00fclz, A.K. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder\u2013A qualitative study on patients\u2019 experiences. BMC Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-185"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fclz, A.K., Landmann, S., Cludius, B., Hottenrott, B., Rose, N., Heidenreich, T., Hertenstein, E., Voderholzer, U., and Moritz, S. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0314-8"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e120159","article-title":"Effectiveness of Online Group-mindfulness and Acceptance-based Therapy and Cognitive-behavioral Therapy on Misophonia","volume":"16","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry Behav. Sci.\/Prog. Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2017.04.003","article-title":"Case study: A novel application of mindfulness-and acceptance-based components to treat misophonia","volume":"6","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Context. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der, A., Vulink, N., and Denys, D. (2013). Misophonia: Diagnostic criteria for a new psychiatric disorder. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054706"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edelstein, M., Brang, D., Rouw, R., and Ramachandran, V.S. (2013). Misophonia: Physiological investigations and case descriptions. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00296"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.048","article-title":"The brain basis for misophonia","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","article-title":"The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being","volume":"84","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"224","article-title":"Adaptation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale into Turkish","volume":"36","author":"Arslan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.2.176","article-title":"Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3","volume":"19","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Karamustafal\u0131o\u011flu, K.O., \u00dc\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131k, A.M., Ulusoy, M., and Erkmen, H. (1993). Yale-Brown Obsesyon-Kompulsiyon Derecelendirme \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi\u2019nin Ge\u00e7erlilik ve G\u00fcvenilirlik \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Sava\u015f Ofset."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"163","article-title":"Turkish Version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory","volume":"12","author":"Ulusoy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23552","article-title":"A symptom network model of misophonia: From heightened sensory sensitivity to clinical comorbidity","volume":"79","author":"Andermane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.05.003","article-title":"Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of outcome in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"57","author":"Blakey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-019-10049-4","article-title":"The association of trait mindfulness and self-compassion with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: Results from a large survey with treatment-seeking adults","volume":"44","author":"Leeuwerik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191107312611","article-title":"Anxiety sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"15","author":"Calamari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"100657","article-title":"Evaluating anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of misophonia and dimensions of aggression","volume":"30","author":"Schadegg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obs.-Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X683629","article-title":"Stuck song syndrome: Musical obsessions\u2014When to look for OCD","volume":"66","author":"Euser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"406","article-title":"Misophonia and its \u2018s Relationship with Other Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"5","author":"Mutlu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Rec."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannouli, V., Yordanova, J., and Kolev, V. (2024). Can brief listening to Mozart\u2019s music improve visual working memory? An update on the role of cognitive and emotional factors. J. Intell., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence12060054"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0011.6502","article-title":"Are there any links among psychopathological symptoms, musical preferences and verbal working memory in female adults?","volume":"16","author":"Giannouli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5455\/PBS.20230130095513","article-title":"Disgust and anxiety sensitivity as vulnerability factors in Misophonia","volume":"13","author":"Barahmand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5455\/PBS.20250504060857","article-title":"Investigation of Misophonia Frequency, Disgust Sensitivity, and Anger Expression Style in Patients Diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"15","author":"Mavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakeria, K., Jain, K., Sain, K., Rani, R., Sharma, A., and Sharma, R. (2025, January 9\u201310). Unveiling the connection: Music preferences and mental health through machine learning analysis. Proceedings of the 2025 Fifth International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (ICAECT), Bhilai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAECT63952.2025.10958841"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, T.P.A., Applewhite, B., Heiderscheit, A., and Himmerich, H. (2021). A systematic review of scientific studies and case reports on music and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211799"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/1\/216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:20:48Z","timestamp":1768987248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/1\/216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina62010216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina62010216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]}}}