{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:47:13Z","timestamp":1780937233306,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Directorate of Research and Community Service, Directorate General of Research and Development, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia","award":["20.60\/UN23.35.5\/PT.01.00\/VI\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20.60\/UN23.35.5\/PT.01.00\/VI\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The rise in antimicrobial resistance is one of the major challenges to global health systems, which necessitates the development of new antibacterial compounds. The bioactive compounds of brown seaweed Sargassum duplicatum have demonstrated potential antibacterial activity. This study applied metabolomic profiling and molecular networking in combination with antibacterial screening assays to assess the antimicrobial properties of S. duplicatum extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methods: Two extraction methods, i.e., maceration and microwave extraction, were used. Therewith, untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed using Liquid Chromatography\u2013High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Molecular networks (MNs) were established and compound dereplication was conducted using the spectral database of the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking platform (GNPS). Additionally, antimicrobial assays were conducted against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, including multidrug-resistant bacteria, i.e., methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC 33592 (MRSA) and \u03b2-lactamase, producing Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 (TEM-1 positive strain). Result: Dereplication resulted in the prediction of six compounds with reported antimicrobial properties, i.e., 13-docosenamide, 9-octadecenamide, pheophorbide A, ouabain, sarmentoside B and AC1L1X1Z. Antibacterial screening of the extracts revealed that the ethyl acetate maceration extracts exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity, with inhibition values between 85 and 98% against S. aureus ATCC 33592. Conclusions: This metabolomics study requires further research to isolate, purify, confirm, and validate the dereplicated compounds that may have potential antibacterial activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62010218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:20:42Z","timestamp":1768929642000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Untargeted LC-HRMS-Based Metabolomic and Antibacterial Potential of Sargassum duplicatum Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Feri","family":"Susanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53123, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0665-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Riyanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53123, Indonesia"},{"name":"Agricultural Biotechnology Magister Program, Graduate School, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53123, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdan","family":"Syakuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53123, Indonesia"},{"name":"Agricultural Biotechnology Magister Program, Graduate School, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53123, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Nursid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Playen, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9947-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till F.","family":"Sch\u00e4berle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Natural Product Department, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Mettal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Suk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Seafood Science and Technology, The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-gil, Tongyeong-si 53064, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6334-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dyah Nur","family":"Meinita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53123, Indonesia"},{"name":"Agricultural Biotechnology Magister Program, Graduate School, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53123, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e897","article-title":"The Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in the WHO European Region in 2019: A Cross-Country Systematic Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Mestrovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100561","article-title":"The Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Americas in 2019: A Cross-Country Systematic Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Aguilar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Aystematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis with Forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. 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