{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:40:55Z","timestamp":1793403655011,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGr. T. Popa\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Atherosclerosis continues to be a major determinant of the global health burden, with ischemic heart disease representing one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although cardiovascular (CV) prevention strategies focus on pro-atherogenic lipoproteins, such as LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apoB, the balance between atherogenic and anti-atherogenic lipoproteins may better reflect the overall atherogenic burden. Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the total number of circulating atherogenic particles, whereas apolipoprotein A-I (apoA) is the main protein component of HDL, the major anti-atherogenic lipoprotein. Integrating these two parameters into the apoB\/apoA ratio results in a composite biomarker that reflects this balance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the apoB\/apoA ratio can predict the presence and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a cohort from an Eastern European hospital, under moderate-intensity statin treatment. Additionally, we assessed whether lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] provides any additional diagnostic value. Materials and Methods: We consecutively enrolled 121 statin-treated patients, who presented for elective invasive coronary angiography. Patients with history of coronary revascularization or acute coronary syndrome were excluded. The study cohort was further divided into two groups, according to the severity of coronary stenosis: 69 patients with non-significant CAD (N-CAD) and 52 patients with hemodynamically significant CAD (S-CAD). Apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, and lipoprotein(a) were measured using a standardized immunoturbidimetric assay, at the moment of enrollment. The severity of coronary stenosis was measured using Quantitative Coronary Analysis (QCA) software and the total coronary atherosclerotic burden of each patient was quantified using the Gensini score. Results: The apoB\/apoA ratio was significantly higher in the S-CAD groups, compared with N-CAD patients (0.53 \u00b1 0.16 vs. 0.73 \u00b1 0.18). Furthermore, in the apoB\/apoA-based analysis, the Gensini score increased progressively across the three tertiles (8.55 \u00b1 19.60 vs. 14.57 \u00b1 21.65 vs. 29.8 \u00b1 27.78, p = 0.000) and so did the percentage of patients with three-vessel disease (5% vs. 19.5% vs. 32.5%, p = 0.000) and left main disease (5% vs. 7.3% vs. 20%, p = 0.031). The apoB\/apoA ratio showed a significant correlation with the severity of CAD, as expressed by the Gensini score (r = 0.513, p &lt; 0.001, 95% CI: 0.357\u20130.641). The association between apoB\/apoA ratio and the presence and severity of CAD expanded beyond group comparison. In the logistic regression, this biomarker proved to be a valuable predictor for S-CAD (per SD increase: OR 2.509, 95% CI: 1.441\u20134.369, p = 0.001), three-vessel disease (per SD increase: OR 2.339, 95% CI: 1.427\u20133.892, p = 0.001), and left main disease (per SD increase: OR 2.771, 95% CI: 1.489\u20135.156, p = 0.001). The apoB\/apoA ratio remained significant after adjusting for other CV risk factors and independent to LDL-C, as shown by the analysis that we performed among the lowest LDL-C tertile patients. Participants with S-CAD showed higher concentrations of Lp(a). However, adding this lipoprotein to the multivariate analysis, resulted only in a marginal improvement in the predictive power. Conclusions: The ApoB\/apoA ratio emerged as an independent predictor for hemodynamically significant coronary stenosis and for CAD severity. Additionally, higher apoB\/apoA values were associated with anatomical high-risk features, such as three-vessel disease or left main disease. In contrast, Lp(a) did not provide a substantial increase in the predictive power of multivariate models in this stable CAD cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62020297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:49:44Z","timestamp":1770036584000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnostic and Severity Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease Using ApoB\/ApoA-I Ratio: Insights from a Statin-Treated Eastern European Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2696-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul-Alexandru","family":"Jigoranu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9438-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Mitu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Florinel","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2610-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu-Stefan","family":"Miftode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Buburuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Bazyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6406-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu-Sebastian","family":"Gavril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3670-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodor-Constantin","family":"Stamate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7313-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Andreea","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela-Larisa","family":"Miftode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4150-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoniu Octavian","family":"Petris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina-Iuliana Costache","family":"Enache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1801-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Mitu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025). GBD 2023 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990\u20132023: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet, 406, 1811\u20131872."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jigoranu, R.A., Roca, M., Costache, A.D., Mitu, O., Oancea, A.F., Miftode, R.S., Haba, M.\u0218.C., Botnariu, E.G., Ma\u0219taleru, A., and Gavril, R.S. (2023). Novel Biomarkers for Atherosclerotic Disease: Advances in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13081639"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Willis, M.S., Homeister, J.W., and Stone, J.R. (2014). Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis. Cellular and Molecular Pathobiology of Cardiovascular Disease, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4359","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf190","article-title":"2025 Focused Update of the 2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias","volume":"46","author":"Mach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab140","article-title":"ApoB vs non-HDL-C vs LDL-C as Markers of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"67","author":"Sniderman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025858","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.025858","article-title":"Physiological Bases for the Superiority of Apolipoprotein B over Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"11","author":"Glavinovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf207","article-title":"ApoB-containing lipoproteins: Count, type, size, and risk of coronary artery disease","volume":"46","author":"Morze","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Chen, S., Pan, H., Yang, S., and Cheng, W. (2024). Relationship between serum apolipoprotein B and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in individuals with hypertension: A prospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03949-1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.050","article-title":"Clinical predictors of plaque progression despite very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"55","author":"Bayturan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26425","article-title":"ApoB and Non-HDL Cholesterol Versus LDL Cholesterol for Ischemic Stroke Risk","volume":"92","author":"Johannesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-012-0235-2","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis: The role of antioxidant activity","volume":"14","author":"Bandeali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"100874","article-title":"Association of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a Chinese population of 3.3 million adults: A prospective cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113634","article-title":"Leveraging knowledge of HDLs major protein ApoA1: Structure, function, mutations, and potential therapeutics","volume":"154","author":"Bhale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.3.273","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A-I and B Levels and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease during a Five-Year Follow-Up of Men in the Qu\u00e9bec Cardiovascular Study","volume":"94","author":"Lamarche","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e14578","article-title":"The association between apolipoprotein A-1 plasma level and premature coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Ahmadzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.1.134","article-title":"Plasma Apolipoproteins A-I and B in Survivors of Myocardial Infarction and in a Control Group","volume":"44","author":"Graziani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000022850.59845.E0","article-title":"Value of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, lipoprotein A-I, and lipoprotein A-I\/A-II in prediction of coronary heart disease: The PRIME Study. Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction","volume":"22","author":"Luc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.051","article-title":"Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: A Post-Hoc Analysis from the COURAGE Trial (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation)","volume":"62","author":"Acharjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61076-4","article-title":"Lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins as risk markers of myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): A case-control study","volume":"372","author":"McQueen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walldius, G., de Faire, U., Alfredsson, L., Leander, K., Westerholm, P., Malmstr\u00f6m, H., Ivert, T., and Hammar, N. (2021). Long-term risk of a major cardiovascular event by apoB, apoA-1, and the apoB\/apoA-1 ratio\u2014Experience from the Swedish AMORIS cohort: A cohort study. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003853"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-023-03023-5","article-title":"Association between apolipoprotein B\/A1 ratio and quantities of tissue prolapse on optical coherence tomography examination in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"40","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-021-00150-z","article-title":"The Relation between ApoB\/ApoA-1 Ratio and the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Yaseen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317415","article-title":"Genetic regulation of atherosclerosis-relevant phenotypes in human vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"127","author":"Aherrahrou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2741\/1194","article-title":"Apoprotein(a) antagonizes the GPIIb\/IIIa receptor on collagen- and ADP-stimulated human platelets","volume":"9","author":"Barre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115855","article-title":"Apolipoprotein(a) gene accounts for greater than 90% of the variation in plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations","volume":"90","author":"Boerwinkle","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004406","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) concentrations, rosuvastatin therapy, and residual vascular risk: An analysis from the JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin)","volume":"129","author":"Khera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302479","article-title":"Plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration predicts future coronary and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease","volume":"33","author":"Nestel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.051","article-title":"Relationship of apolipoproteins A-I and B, and lipoprotein(a), to cardiovascular outcomes: The AIM-HIGH trial (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL\/High Triglyceride and Impact on Global Health Outcomes)","volume":"62","author":"Albers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315291","article-title":"Lp(a) [Lipoprotein(a)] concentrations and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: New insights from a large national biobank","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100382","article-title":"Lipoprotein (a) level is associated with plaque vulnerability in patients with coronary artery disease: An optical coherence tomography study","volume":"24","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023578","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023578","article-title":"How Do Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations Affect Clinical Outcomes for Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease Who Underwent Different Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jigoranu, R.-A., Mitu, O., Costache, A.-D., Oancea, A., Miftode, R.-S., Buburuz, A.M., Bazyani, A., Simion, P., Gavril, R.S., and Cianga, P. (2025). Moving Beyond LDL-C and Non-HDL-C: Apolipoprotein B as the Stronger Lipid-Related Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease in Statin-Treated Patients. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15233002"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(83)80105-2","article-title":"A More Meaningful Scoring System for Determining the Severity of Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"51","author":"Gensini","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.12138","article-title":"Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"328","author":"Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.005","article-title":"Peripheral Artery Disease and Aortic Disease","volume":"11","author":"Criqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2021.100232","article-title":"Implication of Thoracic Aortic Calcification over Coronary Artery Calcification for Predicting and Reclassifying ASCVD Mortality Risk","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041149","article-title":"Comparison of Conventional Lipoprotein Tests and Apolipoproteins in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"140","author":"Welsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.12.1262","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A1 Is a Stronger Prognostic Marker than HDL and LDL Cholesterol for Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Elderly Men","volume":"61","author":"Florvall","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.08.013","article-title":"Role of Apolipoprotein B in the Clinical Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: An Expert Clinical Consensus from the National Lipid Association","volume":"18","author":"Soffer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8959019","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8959019","article-title":"Apolipoprotein B\/A1 Ratio Is Associated with Severity of Coronary Artery Stenosis in CAD Patients but Not in Non-CAD Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"2021","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-014-4147-5","article-title":"Apolipoprotein B\/apolipoprotein A1 Ratio and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Predictive Value for Coronary Heart Disease Severity and Prognostic Utility in CHD Patients","volume":"40","author":"Liting","year":"2015","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.14681","article-title":"Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease and Risk of Myocardial Infarction","volume":"312","author":"Maddox","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.001047","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Nonobstructive and Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease Detected by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography to Identify Cardiovascular Events","volume":"7","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006246","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.006246","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Nonobstructive Left Main Coronary Artery Disease in Women Versus Men: Long-Term Outcomes from the CONFIRM Registry","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84092-x","article-title":"ApoB\/ApoA-I Is Associated with Major Cardiovascular Events and Readmission Risk of Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in One Year","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi003","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Apolipoprotein B and A-I in the Prediction of Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Men and Women: Results from the MONICA\/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study","volume":"26","author":"Meisinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12129","article-title":"Non-HDL Cholesterol vs. Apo B for Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Healthy Individuals: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study","volume":"43","author":"Sondermeijer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2009). Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Nonvascular Mortality. JAMA, 302, 412\u2013423.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1063"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.801","article-title":"Genetically Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction","volume":"301","author":"Kamstrup","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.042","article-title":"A Test in Context: Lipoprotein(a)\u2014Diagnosis, Prognosis, Controversies, and Emerging Therapies","volume":"69","author":"Tsimikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-020-00867-3","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and Its Potential Association with Thrombosis and Inflammation in COVID-19: A Testable Hypothesis","volume":"22","author":"Moriarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591454","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/591454","article-title":"The apolipoprotein B\/apolipoprotein A-I ratio as a potential marker of plasma atherogenicity","volume":"2015","author":"Kaneva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030405","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030405","article-title":"Standardization of Apolipoprotein B, LDL-Cholesterol, and Non-HDL-Cholesterol","volume":"12","author":"Contois","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.567107","article-title":"Increased small low-density lipoprotein particle number: A prominent feature of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"113","author":"Kathiresan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/2\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:24:25Z","timestamp":1770038665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/2\/297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina62020297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina62020297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}}}