{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:28:21Z","timestamp":1791595701660,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented mental health crisis among workers in the healthcare field, with average burnout rates increasing from about 32% before the pandemic to 46\u201352% during peak times and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affecting 24\u201334% of frontline staff. The primary objective of this article is to synthesize evidence on the prevalence of burnout and PTSD among healthcare workers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary objectives are: (a) to examine the mechanisms and empirical evidence linking clinician mental health to medical errors and patient safety outcomes and (b) to analyze the medico-legal implications of this relationship, including malpractice liability, institutional responsibility, and opportunities for policy reform. Materials and Methods: We conducted a narrative review searching PubMed (November 2025\u2013January 2026) using predefined keyword combinations. Inclusion criteria comprised original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses examining mental health outcomes or patient safety among clinical staff. Data were synthesized narratively across five thematic domains. Results: Burnout prevalence increased from approximately 32% pre-pandemic to 46\u201352% during peak periods, with emotional exhaustion reaching 67.5% in some settings. PTSD rates rose to 24\u201334% among frontline staff, exceeding pre-pandemic levels of 15\u201320%, with ICU staff particularly affected (27\u201340%). Substantial overlap exists between conditions (86\u201398% comorbidity). Physician burnout is associated with 2.72 times higher odds of self-reported errors (95% CI: 2.19\u20133.37), with each point increase in emotional exhaustion raising the error risk by 5\u201311%. Mechanisms include cognitive impairment (reduced executive function, g = \u22120.39; impaired working memory, g = \u22120.36) and sleep disturbance. Malpractice litigation compounds psychological harm, increasing depression and suicidal ideation. Conclusions: This review, synthesizing data from over 500,000 healthcare workers, demonstrates bidirectional relationships among burnout, PTSD, and medical errors with significant medico-legal ramifications. Addressing this crisis requires systemic interventions including workload management, psychological support, blame-free reporting cultures, and policy reforms balancing accountability with recognition of system-level contributors to error.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62020305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:49:44Z","timestamp":1770036584000},"page":"305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Burnout, PTSD, and Medical Error: The Medico-Legal Implications of the Mental Health Crisis Among Frontline Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4130-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin","family":"Hostiuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 042122 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7700-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florentina","family":"Gherghiceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marketing and Medical Technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8vold, L.E., Naslund, J.A., Kousoulis, A.A., Saxena, S., Qoronfleh, M.W., Grobler, C., and M\u00fcnter, L. 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