{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:06:50Z","timestamp":1770163610381,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Vulvo-vaginal atrophy (VVA), a prevalent condition among postmenopausal women, significantly impairs quality of life through symptoms like vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and burning. Non-hormonal treatments, such as CO2 laser therapy, have shown promise in managing VVA symptoms with minimal side effects. The addition of adjunctive treatments may enhance efficacy and mitigate possible adverse effects. To evaluate the combined efficacy and safety of CO2 laser therapy and a collagen-based cream in treating VVA and to explore their potential impact on the vaginal microbiome. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center, randomized, interventional. Sixty postmenopausal women diagnosed with VVA were randomized into two groups: a control group receiving laser-only treatment and a treatment group receiving laser therapy with daily collagen-based cream application. Primary outcome measures included symptom improvement on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for VVA-associated symptoms. Secondary outcomes involved microbiome composition analysis. Results: Both groups showed significant symptom improvement, with the combination therapy group demonstrating superior reductions in burning, dyspareunia, and vaginal dryness (p &lt; 0.05). Microbiome analysis revealed increased levels of beneficial species (Lactobacillus iners and Lactobacillus crispatus) and decreased pathogenic bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae) in the treatment group, though these changes were not statistically significant. Mild side effects, such as burning and swelling in the first days following the treatment, were less frequent in the combination therapy group, likely due to the anti-inflammatory effects of the collagen-based cream. Conclusions: This study provides evidence supporting the use of CO2 laser therapy with collagen-based cream as an effective and well-tolerated treatment for VVA in postmenopausal women, achieving significant symptom relief. The combined therapy approach holds potential for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects compared to laser-only treatment, offering a promising alternative for women ineligible for hormone-based therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62020314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:48:01Z","timestamp":1770115681000},"page":"314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of CO2 Laser Therapy Combined with Collagen Cream in Managing Vulvo-Vaginal Atrophy: A Randomized, Controlled Study on Symptom Relief and Microbiome Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-9687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Filippini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale di Stato, 47893 Cailungo, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Sozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale di Stato, 47893 Cailungo, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neila Maria","family":"de G\u00f3is Speck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ginecologia, N\u00facleo de Preven\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Ginecol\u00f3gicas, Escola Paulista de Medicina Unifesp, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Practice, El.En. Group, 50041 Calenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Kesserling Tso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ginecologia, N\u00facleo de Preven\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Ginecol\u00f3gicas, Escola Paulista de Medicina Unifesp, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesta","family":"Dores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department UOC Emergency, Emergency Medicine, San Carlo Hospital Trust of Potenza, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Farinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale di Stato, 47893 Cailungo, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0413","article-title":"Vulvovaginal Atrophy","volume":"85","author":"Rhodes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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