{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:22Z","timestamp":1787028922999,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physiologic changes during pregnancy, advanced maternal age, and cardiovascular comorbidities have been associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular emergencies (CVEs) manifesting during pregnancy and puerperium, thereby adversely affecting maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. When a CVE occurs, prompt and high-quality medical management is essential. However, the early diagnosis and management of CVEs in pregnant women are often challenging, as the initial clinical presentation of many of these conditions may mimic common symptoms of a normal pregnancy, resulting in significant diagnostic delays. Furthermore, the administration of optimal medical or interventional therapy in critically ill pregnant women should be carefully considered, balancing maternal well-being and survival against the potential risks that certain medications and interventions may pose to the fetus. Consequently, treatment decisions should involve a multidisciplinary medical team, comprising cardiologists, obstetricians, emergency physicians, anesthesiologists, neonatologists, and other relevant specialists. This review aims to summarize the current diagnostic approaches and management strategies for the most prevalent CVEs encountered during pregnancy, and explore the challenges faced in diagnosing and treating pregnant individuals compared to the non-pregnant population, emphasizing the differences and knowledge gaps in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62020401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:57:29Z","timestamp":1771516649000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal Cardiovascular Emergencies During Pregnancy and the Puerperium: Current Diagnostic Approach and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3180-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Arvanitaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Kalimanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Nasoufidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9409-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios G.","family":"Bantidos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8328-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstratios","family":"Karagiannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Kalinderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Medicine, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-4950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Fragakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Fyntanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Tsakiridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu012","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of pregnancy-related heart disease","volume":"101","author":"Sliwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002114","article-title":"Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the United States, 2011\u20132013","volume":"130","author":"Creanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009029","article-title":"Cardiovascular Physiology of Pregnancy","volume":"130","author":"Sanghavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf193","article-title":"2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy","volume":"46","author":"Haugaa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e202105","article-title":"Cardiovascular adverse events in pregnancy: A global perspective","volume":"2021","author":"Kotit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Cardiol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantine, M.M. (2014). Physiologic and pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy. Front. Pharmacol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00065"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.10.004","article-title":"Arrhythmias in Pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Tamirisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.02.046","article-title":"The pregnant heart: Cardiac emergencies during pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"McGregor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.04.019","article-title":"Acute Myocardial Infarction During Pregnancy and the Puerperium in the United States","volume":"93","author":"Smilowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcw060","article-title":"Incidence of myocardial infarction in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"3","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tweet, M.S., Lewey, J., Smilowitz, N.R., Rose, C.H., and Best, P.J.M. (2020). Pregnancy-Associated Myocardial Infarction. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv., 13.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.008687"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002054","article-title":"Pregnancy-Associated Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"129","author":"Elkayam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"423","article-title":"Spontaneous coronary artery dissection outcomes among pregnant vs. non-pregnant women","volume":"13","author":"Krittanawong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30433","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030433","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in women: A review of spontaneous coronary artery dissection","volume":"101","author":"Khiatah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab372","article-title":"Antiplatelet therapy in patients with conservatively managed spontaneous coronary artery dissection from the multicentre DISCO registry","volume":"42","author":"Cerrato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaf038","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in women with heritable thoracic aortic disease: Data from the EORP ESC registry of pregnancy and cardiac disease (ROPAC) III","volume":"11","author":"Peters","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-318183","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in thoracic aortic disease data from the Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac disease","volume":"107","author":"Campens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.03.028","article-title":"In-hospital outcomes and long-term survival of women of childbearing age with aortic dissection","volume":"74","author":"Rommens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2072-0469","article-title":"Beta-Blocker Use during Pregnancy Correlates with Less Aortic Root Dilatation in Patients with Marfan\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Roberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aorta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000001407","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Acute Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy and the Puerperium: A Comprehensive Review of Guidelines","volume":"80","author":"Boureka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.054","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology and burden of venous thromboembolism among pregnant women","volume":"132","author":"Kourlaba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000001428","article-title":"Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy and the Puerperium: A Comparative Review of Guidelines","volume":"80","author":"Boureka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E194","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.120895","article-title":"Safety of withholding anticoagulation in pregnant women with suspected deep vein thrombosis following negative serial compression ultrasound and iliac vein imaging","volume":"185","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz405","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS)","volume":"41","author":"Konstantinides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813865","article-title":"Pregnancy-Adapted YEARS Algorithm for Diagnosis of Suspected Pulmonary Embolism","volume":"380","author":"Tromeur","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-019-01814-z","article-title":"The value of sPESI for risk stratification in patients with pulmonary embolism","volume":"48","author":"Wells","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pregnancy with a prosthetic heart valve, thrombosis, and bleeding: The ESC EORP Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac disease III","volume":"ehaf265","author":"Ramlakhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.03.412","article-title":"Management of Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis","volume":"81","author":"Papolos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tognola, C., Brucato, F., Maloberti, A., Varrenti, M., Preda, A., Mazzone, P., Giannattasio, C., and Guarracini, F. (2025). Cardiovascular Disease in Pregnancy: When Two Hearts Beat as One. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222921"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf194","article-title":"2025 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"46","author":"Praz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2021-0015","article-title":"Chronic hypertension in pregnancy: Synthesis of influential guidelines","volume":"49","author":"Tsakiridis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000942","article-title":"Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: An Overview of National and International Guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Tsakiridis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062177","article-title":"Pregnancy Complications and Long-Term Mortality in a Diverse Cohort","volume":"147","author":"Hinkle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac308","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnant women with heart disease: The ESC EORP ROPAC Registry","volume":"43","author":"Ramlakhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.034","article-title":"Competing risks model in screening for preeclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11\u201313 weeks gestation","volume":"214","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704559","article-title":"Aspirin versus Placebo in Pregnancies at High Risk for Preterm Preeclampsia","volume":"377","author":"Rolnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2025.102054","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Labetalol Versus Nifedipine for Treatment of Chronic Hypertension During Pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Leonard","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201295","article-title":"Treatment for Mild Chronic Hypertension during Pregnancy","volume":"386","author":"Tita","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy340","article-title":"2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08778-0","article-title":"Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"359","author":"Altman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.125944.2","article-title":"Effectiveness of nifedipine, labetalol, and hydralazine as emergency antihypertension in severe preeclampsia: A randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"S","year":"2023","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60736-4","article-title":"Induction of labour versus expectant monitoring for gestational hypertension or mild pre-eclampsia after 36 weeks\u2019 gestation (HYPITAT): A multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Koopmans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.073302","article-title":"Hypertension in Pregnancy and Postpartum: Current Standards and Opportunities to Improve Care","volume":"151","author":"Countouris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, N., Platero, J., Garcia-Manau, P., Sanchez-Garcia, O., Pellicer, C., Jordi, M., Garcia, Z., Garrido-Gimenez, C., Ullmo, J., and Nan, M. (2025). Long-Term Biochemical and Cardiovascular Profiles 3\u20136 Years After Preeclampsia: Impact of Angiogenic Imbalance During Pregnancy. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238389"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308285","article-title":"Managing cardiac emergencies in pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Cornette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-1214","article-title":"Different characteristics of peripartum cardiomyopathy between patients complicated with and without hypertensive disorders. -Results from the Japanese Nationwide survey of peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"75","author":"Kamiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2025.100540","article-title":"Heart failure in pregnancy and postpartum: A nationwide study over 6.3 million of pregnancies in France between 2010 and 2018","volume":"5","author":"Gabet","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJOG Glob. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq120","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of peripartum cardiomyopathy: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"12","author":"Sliwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"39","article-title":"Decongestive effects of levosimendan in cardiogenic shock induced by postpartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Labbene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2022.09.014","article-title":"Contemporary Management of Cardiogenic Shock During Pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Tapaskar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2024.132234","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes after in-utero exposure to beta-blockers in women with heart disease: Data from the ESC EORP registry of pregnancy and cardiac disease (ROPAC)","volume":"410","author":"Ramlakhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3301","article-title":"Diuretics in Pregnancy: Data from the ESC Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC)","volume":"26","author":"Greutmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2024.08.004","article-title":"ACE Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use During Pregnancy: Data From the ESC Registry Of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC)","volume":"230","author":"Ramlakhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.133105","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of bromocriptine in peripartum cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"427","author":"Attachaipanich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.1309","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes for Peripartum Cardiomyopathy in North America","volume":"66","author":"McNamara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-320451","article-title":"Supraventricular arrhythmia in pregnancy","volume":"108","author":"Ramlakhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siargkas, A., Arvanitaki, A., Faka, A., Karagiannidis, E., Fyntanidou, B., Apostolopoulou, A., Dagklis, T., Mamopoulos, A., Antoniadis, A.P., and Fragakis, N. (2026). Impact of Cardiac Arrhythmias on Acute Maternal Cardiovascular Outcomes in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020278"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"20480040251391929","article-title":"Arrhythmia in pregnancy: Approaches to diagnosis and management","volume":"14","author":"Roelas","year":"2025","journal-title":"JRSM Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026629","article-title":"Number of Pregnancies and Atrial Fibrillation Risk","volume":"135","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2019.07.003","article-title":"Incidence of atrial fibrillation in pregnancy and clinical significance: A meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Chokesuwattanaskul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2025.03.016","article-title":"Risk of Stillbirth and Preterm Birth in Cardiac Arrhythmias During Pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Yeo","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.061","article-title":"Ventricular tachyarrhythmia during pregnancy in women with heart disease: Data from the ROPAC, a registry from the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"220","author":"Ertekin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026681","article-title":"Burden of Arrhythmia in Pregnancy","volume":"135","author":"Vaidya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"100284","article-title":"Ventricular tachycardia and pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Schenkelaars","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17918","article-title":"Cardiac implantable electronic devices in pregnancy: A position statement","volume":"131","author":"Castleman","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2011.03177.x","article-title":"Pregnant Women with Complete Atrioventricular Block: Perinatal Risks and Review of Management","volume":"34","author":"Hidaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2006.10.003","article-title":"Bradyarrhythmias in pregnancy: A case report and review of management","volume":"16","author":"Adekanye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Obstet. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab364","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"42","author":"Glikson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000159","article-title":"Cardiac Arrest during Hospitalization for Delivery in the United States, 1998\u20132011","volume":"120","author":"Mhyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.04.028","article-title":"Maternal cardiac arrest in the Netherlands: A nationwide surveillance study","volume":"237","author":"Schaap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furdyna, M.J., Mootz, A.A., Venkatachalam, S., Mathis, M.R., Klumpner, T.T., Fields, K.G., Heydarpour, M., Mhyre, J.M., Bateman, B.T., and Reale, S.C. (2025). Frequency and Management of Maternal Peripartum Cardiac Arrest: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Anesthesiology.","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005905"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.02.010","article-title":"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Adult advanced life support","volume":"161","author":"Soar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.07.038","article-title":"Resuscitative cesarean delivery: When every second counts","volume":"233","author":"Shields","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajendran, G., Mahalingam, S., Ramkumar, A., Krishnamoorthy, Y., Ganessane, E., Pt, K., Vijayan, V., Sundararaj, R., Elanjaeran, R., and Kannan, R. (2025). Resuscitative Hysterotomy and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality in Maternal Cardiac Arrest Patients\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Can. J. Cardiol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.09.025"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.01.010","article-title":"Cardiovascular Emergencies in Pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Borhart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/2\/401\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:10:05Z","timestamp":1771517405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/2\/401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina62020401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina62020401","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]}}}