{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:46:57Z","timestamp":1790164017195,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This study investigated whether crossover neuromuscular fatigue following unilateral handgrip exercise exhibits directional asymmetry, testing whether dominant-limb fatigue produces greater contralateral performance decrements than non-dominant-limb fatigue in adults and pre-peak-height-velocity children. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three healthy, right-handed males (16 adults: 22.5 \u00b1 1.6 years; 17 pre-peak-height-velocity boys: 11.2 \u00b1 0.8 years, maturity offset \u22122.2 \u00b1 0.4 years) completed three counterbalanced experimental sessions (48\u201372 h apart): dominant-arm fatigue, non-dominant-arm fatigue, and control. The fatigue protocol consisted of 20 consecutive 6 s maximal voluntary isometric handgrip contractions. Primary outcomes were percentage changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the contralateral limb across handgrip, elbow flexor, and elbow extensor muscle groups. Results: The experimental condition explained approximately 64% of crossover variance in adults (\u03b7p2 = 0.650, \u03b7G2 = 0.421) and children (\u03b7p2 = 0.638, \u03b7G2 = 0.448; both p &lt; 0.001). Dominant-limb fatigue elicited substantially greater contralateral decrements than non-dominant-limb fatigue in adults (\u221211.00% vs. \u22123.92%, dz = \u22121.07) and children (\u221212.71% vs. \u22123.08%, dz = \u22121.33), representing 2.5- to 3.5-fold greater transfer efficiency (both p &lt; 0.001). Age-group comparisons revealed no differences in crossover susceptibility (p = 0.627, \u03b7p2 = 0.008), with equivalence testing confirming developmental invariance. Crossover effects extended to heterologous proximal muscles without magnitude differences (p &gt; 0.13). Conclusions: Crossover fatigue (contralateral performance decrement following unilateral exercise) exhibited directional asymmetry, with dominant-limb protocols eliciting 2.5- to 3.5-fold greater contralateral decrements. This pattern aligns with asymmetric transcallosal inhibitory projections demonstrated in prior transcranial magnetic stimulation studies, though direct neurophysiological confirmation was not obtained. Functional equivalence between pre-peak-height-velocity children and adults indicates that interhemispheric transfer mechanisms achieve operational maturity before peak height velocity. Extension to heterologous muscles implicates supraspinal mechanisms. The findings establish normative parameters for clinical populations with compromised transcallosal integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62030471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T16:06:59Z","timestamp":1772467619000},"page":"471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Directional Asymmetry of Crossover Neuromuscular Fatigue Following Unilateral Handgrip Exercise in Adults and Prepubertal Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Aymen Ben","family":"Othman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tunisian Research Laboratory \u201cSport Performance Optimisation\u201d, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wissem","family":"Dhahbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit (UR22JS01) \u201cSport Sciences, Health and Movement\u201d, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Le Kef 7100, Tunisia"},{"name":"Training Department, Police College, Qatar Police Academy, Doha 7157, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"Bessifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit (UR22JS01) \u201cSport Sciences, Health and Movement\u201d, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Le Kef 7100, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2214-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil \u0130brahim","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum 25240, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Stefanica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sciences, Physical Education and Informatics, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Pitesti University Center, 060042 Pitesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rihab","family":"Moncer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory LR19SP01, Physical and Rehabilitation Department, Sahloul Hospital of Sousse, Sousse 4054, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory LR19SP01, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7477-2965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmi","family":"Ben Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory LR12SP09 \u2018Heart Failure\u2019, Faculty of Medicine \u2018Ibn el Jazzar\u2019 of Sousse, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Sousse 4002, Tunisia"},{"name":"CRCI (Centre de Recherche et Collaboration Innovative), UPSAT-Sousse, University Central Group, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.05.008","article-title":"Neuromuscular fatigue during whole body exercise","volume":"10","author":"Weavil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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